Linalool basil

Basil (Sweet Basil). Basil consists of the brown, dried leaves and tender stems of Ocimum basilicum L. (Labiatae), an aimual native to India, Africa, and Asia, and cultivated in Egypt, southern Erance, Morocco, the Mediteranean countries, and the United States. Basil is one of the oldest known herbs, and it is reported that there are perhaps 50—60 poorly defined Ocimum species which can only be identified according to their chemical components. The flavor of the basihcum type is warm, sweet, somewhat pungent, and pecuhar, ie, methyl chavicol and linalool. It is used with meats, fish, certain cheeses, and tomato-based salads. The fresh leaves are ground and known as pesto with pastas. It is the main component of the Hqueur Chartreuse. 

The enantiomeric differentiation of linalool is useful in the quality control of essential oils and oleoresins, as it was found to provide an important indication of the authenticity of many herbs and spices. The enantiomeric composition of linalool has been determined in many essential oils, including basil, bergamot, rosemary, lavandin, lavender, balm, coriander, mace. Pelargonium, rose, Cymbopogon, lemon, mandarin, Osman-thus, davana, jasmine, Lippia alba and orange, as well as in many fruit... 

Linalool is a major component in essential oils such as those of coriander, palmarosa, mace, petitigrain, Lippia alba and sweet orange flowers. (3i )(—)-Linalool is a main component in the oils of Ocimum species, including sweet basil, and in the oils of neroli, linaloe, bergamot, lavender and others. Linalool enantiomers in... 

Ravid U, Putievsky E, Katzir I, Lewinsohn E, Enantiomeric composition of linalool in the essential oils of Ocimum species and in commercial basil oils, Flavour Fragr J 2 23 i-29G, 1997. 

Basil oil, linalool-type European type, mediterranean type) is produced mainly in the mediterranean area (France, Egypt). It is light yellow to amber-colored oil with typical fresh-spicy odor. 

Indian Basil oil is produced exclusively in India. It contains ca. 70% methylchavicol and 25% linalool. It is used mainly for the isolation of the pure compounds. Methylchavicol is used as starting material for the production of anethole. 

Basil (Euro- Ocimum basilicum L. Linalool (45-62), estragol... 

Basil (Reunion type) Ocimum basilicum L. Estragol (methyl chavicol) (75-87), linalool (0.5-3)... 

In basil oil, methyl chavicol (also called estragole), a phenolic ether (p. 60), is considered to be a dermal irritant and to be carcinogenic. Linalool has an almost identical molecular formula but is a long chain rather than a benzene ring (p. 55) and is considered much safer. 

The French or sweet basil has a high linalool and lower methyl chavicol content with the exotic basil having the highest methyl chavicol content. It is for this reason that the sweet is often preferred for aromatherapy. Principal chemical components found in essential oils of basil include methyl chavicol (22-88%), methyl eugenol (0.3-6%), linalool (1.1 6%), limonene (2.0 4.9%), cis-ocimene (0.2-2.6%) and citronellol (0.6-3.9%). Analysis for a sample of... 

Monoterpenoids are responsible for fragrances and flavors of many plants and thus their products are used in perfumery and as spices. To date over 1,500 monoterpenoids are known, and these constitute acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpenoids (32), which occur in nature as hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids and their esters. Several acyclic monoterpenoid hydrocarbons are known, and these include trienes such as 3-myrcene (Cl), a-myrcene (C2), (Z)-a-ocimene (C3), ( )-a-ocimene (C4), (Z)-3-ocimene (C5), and ( )-P-ocimene (C6). 3-Myrcene and 3-ocimene are constituents of basil (Oci-mum basilicum, Labiatae) and bay (Pimenta acris, Myrtaceae), pettitgrain (Citrus vulgaris, Rutaceae) leaves, strobiles of hops (Humulus lupulus, Cannabaceae), and several other essential oils. Unsaturated acyclic monoterpene alcohol constituents of plants and their derived aldehydes play a signihcant role in the perfume industry. Some common acyclic monoterpene alcohols and aldehydes include geraniol (C7), linalool (C8) (a... 

In the case of linalool the enantiomeric ratio was more variable between plants. In majority of investigated plants (R)-(-)-linalool dominates. The plants of the highest optical purity of (-)-Iinalool have been fovmd lavender Lavandula angustifolia), bergamot Citrus auranthium Bergamia), thyme Thymus vulgaris) and basil Ocimum basilicum). In a group of plants in which (S)-(+)-linalool dominates a practically pure enantiomer has been revealed in Robinia flowers Robinia pseudoacacia). 

Linalool Refreshing, floral-woody Basil (Ocimum basilicum) Bois de Rose (Aniba rosaeodora) Camphor tree (Cinnamomum cam-phora)... 

Ocimum basilicum L (Basil). The oil of O. basilicum leaves (0.2-1.9%) from plants collected from different geographical locations exhibited chemical variation. Both leaves and flowering tops exhibited the same composition. While the first chemovariety contained mainly geranial (50%) and neral (31%), the second had mainly camphor (32%) and linalool (29%), and the third exclusively linalool (over 95%) (59). Many chemotypes of O. basilicum and other Ocimum spp. are known to exist. This shrub is widely used in Kenya to repel mosquitoes. Vapour from boiling leaves is used for nasal and bronchial catarrh, while a decoction of the roots is used for treatment of constipation and stomach pains (35). 

The blue zones in the R, range 0.1-0.4 of the oils 1-6 are terpene alcohols (e.g. linalool at Rf 0.4) at a very low concentration in the samples 1-2, slightly higher in bitter fennel (3) and sweet fennel (4), while basil (5) shows three inten.sive blue terpene alcohols with linalool as a major compound. In basil oils, linalool can be the predominant compound with very little methylchavicol (chemo- or geotype). A red-violet zone at R, 0.5, as in samples 2-5, can occur (e.g. epoxidihydrocaryophyUene). 

Oil of Basil. Volatile oil from leaves of Ocimum basiUcum L., Labiatae (sweet basil). Constit. Methylchavi. col. eucalyptol, linalool, estragol. 

Linalool (3.17) occurs even more widely than geraniol. The richest source is Ho leaf oil which can contain over 95% linalool. Rosewood contains 80-85% and freesia about 80% linalool. It also occurs at levels around 50% in lavender and in herbs such as coriander and basil. Citrus leaves and flowers also contain significant amounts of linalool. However, it takes its name from the oil of linaloe wood, of which it accounts for about 30%. 

Sweet basil MeJA Rosmarinic acid, eugenol, linalool, caffeic acid 27... 

Similar results have been found for the SFME of seeds and aromatic herbs. After only 30 min for fresh basil, the compounds with the highest boiling point are largely predominant. For HD, in contrast, after distillation for 3 h differences between the concentrations of the compounds are definitely less than for SFME and sometimes the differences are completely reversed. Eugenol is the most abundant component of the SFME extract (43.2%) with linalool second (25.3%) whereas the essential oil obtained by HD is dominated first by linalool (39.1%) and then by eugenol (11.0%). It seems that the phenomenon called hydrodiffusion described by Von Rechenberg is more pronounced in microwave extraction by SFME. 

Linalool is widely distributed, contributing to the flavour and biological activity of grapevine leaves, lemon, basil, tea leaves, thyme and cardamom (Duke and Beckstrom-Sternberg 2001). It is also a major component of some Australian melaleuca oils, especially Melaleuca ericifolia. 

Capillary SFC using carbon dioxide as mobile phase and a FID as detector has been applied to the analysis of several essential oils and seemed to give more reliable quanti cation than GC, especially for oxygenated compounds. However, the separation ef ciency of GC for monoterpene hydrocarbons was, as expected, better than that of SFC. Manninen et al. (1990) published a comparison of a capillary GC versus a chromatogram obtained by capillary SFC from a linalool-methyl chavicol basil oil chemotype exhibiting a fairly good separation by SFC. 

ISO standard 11043 shows character and data for the methyl chavicol-type oil. Synthetic methyl chavicol is used to adulterate that oil and can be detected by NMR. Basil oil from linalool type will be adulterated by synthetic linalool but can easily be detected by chiral separation. Casablanca (1996) found the minimum value R-(-) -linalool with 99.8% and is congruent with the authors results. 

The genus Ocimum contains various species and the EOs are used as an appendage in food, cosmetics, and toiletries. Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil, Lamiaceae) is used fresh or dried as a food spice nearly all over the world. The antioxidative activities of different Ocimum species were studied in order to assess the potential to substitute synthetic antioxidants. Linalool and eugenol (-12%) are the main compounds in the diverse oils. In the HPLC-based xanthine-xanthine assay, the EO of Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens (dark opal basil) contains linalool, eugenol, and P-caryophyllene as main compounds and shows a very strong antioxidative capacity with an IC50 value of 1.84 pL (Salles-Trevisan et al., 2006). Linalool as a pure substance yielded the same test results. In the DPPH assay linalool showed a bit weaker activity than in the xanthine-xanthine test... 

Basil (European type) Ocimum basilicum Linalool (45-62%), estragol (0-30%), eugenol (2-15%)... 

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