Immobilized Ligands

Pidgeon, C. Ong, S. Choi, H. Liu, H., Preparation of mixed ligand immobilized artificial membranes for predicting drug binding to membranes, Anal. Chem. 66, 2701-2709 (1994). 

So far, optical biosensors have been mostly used in research laboratories for biomolecular interaction analysis in which the binding interactions between a ligand immobilized at the sensor surface and its molecular partner in a solution passed over this surface are studied. 

Asymmetric catalysis provides access to several synthetically important compounds, and immobilized catalysts together with solid-supported chiral ligands have been equally instrumental. Chiral ligands immobilized on a solid support provide the advantage of being rapidly removable post-reaction while retaining their activity for further applications [139]. 

Axle and collar molecular structure, 27 60-61 Axokine, 3 97 Azaboranes, 4 170, 204 Azacarbocyanine dyes, 9 257 Aza[18]crown-6, 24 41 Aza[18]crown-6 appended a-helical barrels / rods, 24 58 Azacrown ethers, 24 44 Azacrowns, 24 41 Azacryptands, 24 42 Azadirachtin, 24 474 Azafullerenes, 22 231, 232, 243 Azahomofullerenes, 22 243 Azaindene compounds, 29 197 Azalactone method (for Emphaze supports), for covalent ligand immobilization, 6 396t Azamethiphos (salmosan)... 

Carbocations, 12 161—162, 163 from alkanes, 12 187 Carbocation salts, stable, 14 269 Carbochlorination, zircon, 13 82 Carbocyclic azo dyes, 9 245, 251 Carbodiimide (CDI) method, for covalent ligand immobilization, 6 396t Carbohydrate chemistry, microwaves in, 16 547-548... 

Cyanogen bromide (CNBr) method, for covalent ligand immobilization, 6 396t Cyanogen chloride, 3 172 Cyanoguanidine, 3 164 Cyanohydrins, 27 229... 

Divinyl sulfide, 25 630 Divinylsulfone method, for covalent ligand immobilization, 6 3961 Division of Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation (IUPAC),... 

Hydrazide method, for covalent ligand immobilization, 6 396t Hydrazine, 70 727 73 562-607. See also Anhydrous hydrazine analytical methods for, 73 588-589 aqueous grades of, 73 585 chemical properties of, 73 566-576 as a corrosion inhibitor, 73 595 economic aspects of, 73 584-585 electrode potentials of, 73 566t explosive limits of, 73 566 handling and storage of, 73 586-588 as a hazardous material, 73 585... 

Scheelite, 25 349-350 Scheelite sorting, 16 626 Scheibel column, 10 777-778 Scheibler filter, 11 364 Schiff base(s), 21 203, 204, 25 100-101 chelating agents, 5 712t reaction with amino acids, 2 567 reaction with aniline, 2 786 thermochromic materials, 6 622-623 Schiff base chemistry, 24 42 Schiff base (reductive amination) method, for covalent ligand immobilization, 6 396t... 

Ultraviolet irradiation (for cellulose), for covalent ligand immobilization,... 

The synthesis of aldehydes via hydroformylation of alkenes is an important industrial process used to produce in the region of 6 million tonnes a year of aldehydes. These compounds are used as intermediates in the manufacture of plasticizers, soaps, detergents and pharmaceutical products [7], While the majority of aldehydes prepared from alkene hydroformylation are done so in organic solvents, some research in 1975 showed that rhodium complexes with sulfonated phosphine ligands immobilized in water were able to hydroformylate propene with virtually complete retention of rhodium in the aqueous phase [8], Since catalyst loss is a major problem in the production of bulk chemicals of this nature, the process was scaled up, culminating in the Ruhrchemie-Rhone-Poulenc process for hydroformylation of propene, initially on a 120000 tonne per year scale [9], The development of this biphasic process represents one of the major transitions since the discovery of the hydroformylation reaction. The key transitions in this field include [10] ... 

Gilpin, R.K. and Gangoda, M.E., Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry of alkyl ligands immobilized on reversed phase liquid chromatographic surfaces, Anal. Chem., 56, 1470, 1984. 

Figure 20. Chiral diphosphine ligands immobilized in aluminated mesostructured materials with rhodium to form catalytic centers [85, 86, 87].

Carbohydrates are easily oxidized by periodate to aldehydes which react with primary amines or hydrazines. If the formed hydrazide carries a specific ligand, e.g., biotin or digoxigenin, these ligands immobilized via the blotted macromolecule are very sensitively detected by the respective enzyme conjugates. 

Glos and co-workers introduced the aza-bis(oxazolines) 258 and 259 (Fig. 9.78) as a new class of chiral C2-symmetric bis(oxazoline) ligands.These catalysts were used in various reactions such as enantioselective allylic substitution and cyclopropanation it was also shown that these new catalysts could easily be tethered to a polymeric support, as shown in structure 259, allowing for facile recovery of the catalyst. There have been other examples of bis(oxazoline) ligands immobilized on solid supports and their use in catalysis.These methods have shown mixed results. 

The immobilized ligand is an essential factor that determines the success of an affinity chromatographic method [12]. The method which is used for affinity ligand immobilization is important because actual or apparent activity of the final column can be affected. Decrease in... 

The simple adsorption of ligand to surface, binding to a secondary ligand, or ligand immobilization through a coordination complex can be classified as this type of immobilization. This technique can be subdivided as follow ... 

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