Productivity growth

Over 90% of the HCl produced ia the United States origiaates as a coproduct from various chlorination processes direct generation of HCl from and CI2 accounts for only about 8% of the total production. Table 11 describes the production contribution of HCl from significant sources through the period 1980 to 1992 (72). Figure 6 illustrates the historical production growth of HCl ia the United States (73). The growth rate, about 5—6% from 1955 to 1975, slowed to - 1% because of disparity between supply and demand (see Table 12). The production capacity ia 1993 was about 2.92 million metric tons, down 9.6% from the 1992 production of 3.24 million metric tons (74). 

Economic Aspects. Merchant sulfur dioxide is produced by eight North American manufacturers the total was about 410,000 metric tons in 1994 (310,000 in the United States, 90,000 in Canada). The largest producers in the United States are Rhc ne-Poulenc (from sulfur trioxide reduction by sulfur) and Hoechst Celanese. There is also a larger captive production. Growth of merchant sulfur dioxide is projected at 2—3%/yr. The mid-1995 price was 0.25/kg. 

Economic Aspects. Ammonium thiocyanate capacity in the United States is well in excess of 9000 t/yr on a 100% soHds basis, but production in the 1990s is substantially less than this capacity. In the United States only Witco produces ammonium thiocyanate. Production growth is small. The price of ammonium thiocyanate in mid-1995 was 2.02/kg. 

Gas mixing patterns Volatile products Growth inhibitors... 

Fig. 1-2 Plastics product growth related to a tree growth.

That the rates of reactant consumption and product growth are equal in the steady state is a consequence of setting d[Vjdt = 0. We can see this from the mass conservation relation,... 

Taxus cuspidata rotating wall vessel laminar biomass and metabolite productivity growth [106]... 

In the work described below, the dissociation rates were obtained from the product growth with respect to the delay time if the dissociation rate is fast enough before the parent molecules and fragments fly out of the probe region. This is demonstrated in the photodissociation study of toluene. Alternately, dissociation rates were obtained from the disk-like image intensity decay for slow dissociation rate, as illustrated in the rate... 

Similar results were obtained for the photodissociation of d Q-ethylbenzene and n-propylbenzene, as illustrated in Figs. 27 and 28. For n-propylbenzene, the intensity decay rate of the disk-like image was found to be 4.9 x 104 s 1, and the product growth rates obtained from simulation are 5 x 104 s 1 and larger than 5 x 105 s 1 for the slow velocity component and the fast recoil velocity component, respectively. 

Michelson, J., Hamm, U., Wynen, E. and Roth, E. (1999). The European Market for Organic Products Growth and Development. Organic Farming in Europe economics and policy, Vol 7, Universitat Hohenheim, Germany. 

The most notable feature of these intrazeolite photooxygenations (Fig. 30) is that the oxygen CT band experiences a dramatic bathochromic shift in comparison to solution. This was detected initially by recording the product growth as a function of irradiation wavelength (laser reaction excitation spectrum)98,110 and was later verified by direct observation using diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy.111 For example, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene CT-absorbance is shifted to lower energy by more than 300 nm... 

The modern biotechnology industry has come up with important blood products, infectious disease combatants, immunotherapy products, growth factors for mammalian cells, and monoclonal antibodies. Approximately 4600 biotechnology companies exist in the world. Over 140 biopharmaceuticals are on the market and hundreds more are in the clinic against over 200 diseases (AIDS, cardiovascular, diabetes, arthritis, cancer etc). 

Growth promotion - continual subtherapeutic or low doses of antibiotics in normal, healthy animals for improved production (growth rate and/or feed efficiency). 

Statistics data indicate that during the period 1967-1994, the rate of productivity growth in private manufacturing was about two and a half times as high as it was in the U.S. government. 

Ehrlich, Isaac, Georges GaUais-Hamonno, Zhiqiang Liu, and Randall Lutter. 1994. Productivity Growth and Firm Ownership An Analytical and Empirical Investigation. Journal of Political Economy 102(5) 1006-1038. 

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