Product life-cycle assessments

The project will progress in stages, beginning with a waste audit carried out by an audit team. The audit team consists of a waste audit expert, a sector specialist, a financial expert, an economist/ marketing expert, and an expert in product life-cycle assessments. The audit team also supports the project in its different stages. 

Wegener Sleeswijk A, van Oers LFCM, Guinee JB, Struijs J, Huijbregts MAJ (2008) Normalisation in product life cycle assessment an LCA of the global and European economic systems in the year 2000. Sci Total Environ 390(l) 227-240... 

A Technical Framework for [Product] Life-Cycle Assessments. Smuggler s Notch, Vermont, 18 to 23 August 1990. Published by SETAC, Jan 1991 2nd printing Sep 1991 3rd printing Mar 1994. 

Vinyl Products Life Cycle Assessment, Chem Systems, Inc., Tarrytown, N.Y., Mar. 1992. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Product Life Cycle Assessments Inventory Guidelines and Principles. USEPA, Battelle, Columbus, OH, 1991b. 

No one knows what a sustainable society will look Uke, we can only speculate on possibilities. Some current approaches focus on product life cycle assessment (LCA), others on product longevity, disassembly or the use of recycled materials (Walker, 2006). 

L. G. Lindfors, Nordic Manual on Product Life Cycle Assessment-PLCA, Conference proceedings, Copenhagen, IDenmark (1994). 

ECO-Fusion NEC Corporation, Japan [131 Enviremmental product assessment in relation to a reference product life cycle assessment assembly/disas-sembly evaluation. 

Fava, J. A., and A. Page. 1992. Application of product life-cycle assessment to product stewardship and pollution prevention programs. Water Sci. Tech. 26(l-2) 275. 

Many studies also have been conducted on environmental costing in an organization or a supply chain (Roy et al. 2009). As Nikolopoulou and lerapetritou (2012) have mentioned, there are many systematic methods which can be used as environmental performance indicators of product and process such as product life cycle assessment (LCA) and minimal environmental impact. Letmathe and Boost (2000) proposed cause and effect analysis to assign environmental cost. Be Beer and Friend (2006) considered 5 types of costs including internal and external costs and also regarded environmental revenues. 

As biopolymers capture a larger market share, the measurement of their life cycle environmental impacts will be important to enable consumers and producers to identify more sustainable methods of use, production and disposal for such products. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool that quantifies the environmental sustainability of biobased polymers from cradle to grave. ... 

Product life cycle assessment (LCA) - Intertek offers Simplified LCA, Streamlined LCA and Full LCA studies according to ISO 14040 44 to meet your specific needs. LCAs can allow brands, manufacturers and retailers to better understand the environmental impacts of then-products like Carbon Footprint, GHG, Water Footprint during all of the stages of a product s life cycle. 

The procedures of life cycle assessment (LCA) are part of the ISO 14000 enviromnental management standards in ISO 14040 2006 and 14044 2006. (ISO 14044 replaced earlier versions of ISO 14041 to ISO 14043). GHG product life cycle assessments can also comply with standards such as PAS 2050 and the GHG Protocol Life Cycle Accoimting and Reporting Standard. 

Product life cycle assessment involves consideration of environmental effects at every stage in the product s life cycle, including the natural resources and energy consumed and the waste created in the manufacture, distribution and disposal of a product and its packaging...Such assessments will only provide useful comparative information about how to reduce environmental problems associated with products if they are conducted using uniform and consistent assumptions ... 

Within the framework of Horizontal Initiative on PVC , the European Commission suggested that PVC and its additive industry examine the end-of-life management options for PVC products. Life cycle assessment studies attempt to evaluate the benefits and negative effects taking place from the cradle to grave of PVC. 

---