Life-Cycle Economy

The principle of sustainable development and the lack of landfill capacity in Europe are reasons for the introduction of the closed-loop economy in the European Union. Products have to be produced and used in a manner that conserves resources and have to be recovered after use, if their use carmot be avoided entirely. Landfill of waste is not allowed anymore, so the question of disposal is already an issue during the development of a product. If easily disposed materials are used for the production, the disposal cost wiU decrease, and so in consequence will the overall product costs. 

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Improved life cycle economy resulting from the use of high-level industrial air technology systems and equipment... 

The company was founded in 1991 and started its activities in 1996 when Esko Tahti became its managing director. TAKE s scope of activities includes the whole area of building services. Us other major projeas have been in the area o( energy use in buildings, life cycle economy, water services, indoor air control, clustering, and IT technologies and automation. 

Many cosmetics manufacturers have used the lower phthalates (diethyl phthalate, dimethyl and dibutyl phthalates) for many years as solvents and diluents in perfumes. On the whole, the cosmetic industry is able to innovate guickly because cosmetic products have a relatively short life cycle this provides short to medium-term opportunities to formulate out the problem ingredients in the next version of the product. Raw materials come at different costs and to reformulate-out chemicals of concern may result in a temporary increase in material cost. However, as more companies switch to alternatives, economies of scale are realised and the price will fall. ... 

The benefits of using economy input-output life-cycle analysis (EIO-LCA) to estimate economy-wide discharges are significant. LCA is a systematic tool that is used to provide information on the consequences of alternative products and processes, thereby facilitating effective environmental decision-making. This is generally achieved... 

This chapter outlines the principles of green chemistry, and explains the connection between catalysis and sustainable development. It covers the concepts of environmental impact, atom economy, and life-cycle analysis, with hands-on examples. Then it introduces the reader to heterogeneous catalysis, homogeneous catalysis, and biocatalysis, explaining what catalysis is and why it is important. The last two sections give an overview of the tools used in catalysis research, and a list of recommended books on specialized subjects in catalysis. 

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a relatively new tool for environmental management, which is becoming more and more important owing to the globalization of the world economy, where there is a need to develop standards in protecting the environment. 

In any commercial application, the process economy depends mainly on catalyst life cycle which in turn is a function of catalyst metal retention capacity. The experimental tests have shown that INT-RI catalyst is able to accept a metal content equivalent to 100% without losing significant catalytic activity. Nevertheless, these results guarantee a stable operation with... 

Opportunities for P2 at the macroscale can be identified from three distinct perspectives. First, waste-generation audits identify flow rates and compositions of materials in the industrial economy, which are potential P2 targets, from natural resource extraction to consumer product disposal. Second, industrial ecology studies examine the uses and the wastes associated with a particular material. Third, life-cycle analyses (LCA) assess the environmental impacts due to the life cycles of individual products/processes by determining waste generation rates, energy consumption, and raw material usage. 

The crown area of the tire, which includes the tread and belts, accounts for approximately 75% of the radial passenger tire rolling resistance. Improvements in the hysteretic properties of the tread compound will therefore enable a reduction in tire rolling resistance and consequent improvements in vehicle fuel economy. The crown area and particularly the tread compound also affect the life cycle of the tire. Longer-wearing tires (including retreading) delay the point in time when used tires must enter the solid waste disposal system. 

In conclusion, developing low carbon economy is aging mine out of all kinds of adverse conditions, through the low carbon transition achieve prolong the mine life cycle of the inevitable choice. 

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