Life Cycle Assessment LCA

In the area of pharmaceuticals, the application of LCA metrics is still not a widespread practice. A few practitioners apply LCA metrics primarily using case studies to better understand the wider environmental implications of processes, to compare different chemical routes, or to compare the use of different unit 

TKe % value shown ts ttie improve/nemt (neduocion r enviranmemtal rmpacts) cofnoared to the worst route selected. 

27 chem route Mass Bal cheeked 16-7 07 272.27 Bio process - revised mb julv 2007 

Given the data challenges discussed previously and the increasing use of streamlined methods, it is necessary to continuously improve the consistency and transparency of the information and the assumptions used in such tools to ensure the quality and the validity of the decisions made with the aid of LGA metrics. The inclusion of quality indicators (such as sensitivity and uncertainty analysis) will continue to be an important step to estimate the uncertainties involved in the inventory and impact models. Finally, there is a need to continuously perform peer review assessments by LGA experts, as the current LGA expertise in pharmaceuticals is very limited. When these requirements are fulfilled, LGA metrics are powerful tools to aid the decision making leading to more sustainable pharmaceutical processes. For further examples of FLASG scores and other LGA analyzes being applied, see Section 10.4.1. 

The function of life cycle assessment (LCA) is to evaluate environmental burdens of a product, process, or activity quantify resource use and emissions assess the environmental and human health impact and evaluate and 

Combined EHS and LCA method for assessing greenness of solvents. [Reprinted with permission from Green Chem., 2007, 9, 927-934. Copyright 2007 The Royal Society of Chemistry.] 

The third primary stage in the life cycle of a solvent is its use. Solvents are used in many areas and not just as media for reactions (Table 1.4). The choice 

Solvent extraction In hydrometallurgy to recover metals from ores In nuclear fuel reprocessing In waste water treatment To recover natural products from plants or from fermentation liquors In organic synthesis and analytical chemistry As a degreaser and cleaning agent 

Analytical chemistry and Eluant in analytical and preparative chromatography, and 

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The key element of life-cycle design is Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA). LCA is generally envisioned as a process to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with the cradle-to-grave life cycle of a produc t, process, or ac tivity. A produc t s life cycle can be roughly described in terms of the following stages ... 

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a compilation and evaluation of inputs, outputs, and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle. The LCA methodology is comprehensively described based on the ISO 14000 series standards. References are also given to I.CA information sources. 

All useful methods attempt to capture and describe all of the impacts during the entire life of the product or service from cradle to grave . This is the basis of the cluster of measurement tools known collectively as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). 

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) considering the impact category global warming... 

Geisler, G., Hellweg, S., Hungerbuhler, K. (2005) Uncertainty Analysis in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Case Study on Plant-Protection Products and Implications for Decision Making. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 10, 184-192. 

Herrchen, M. Klein, W. (2000) Use of the Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) Toolbox for an Environmental Evaluation of Production Processes. Pure Applied Chemistry, 72(7), 1247-1252. 

Pehnt, M. (2006) Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Renewable Energy Technologies. Renewable Energy, 31(1), 55-71. 

Peregrina, C.A., Lecomte, D., Arlabosse, R, Rudolph, V. (2006) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Applied to the Design of an Innovative Drying Process for Sewage Sludge. Process Safety and Environment Protection, 84(B4), 270-179. 

A life cycle assessment (LCA), also known as life cycle analysis, of a product or process begins with an inventory of the energy and environmental flows associated with a product from "cradle to grave" and provides information on the raw materials used from the environment, energy resources consumed, and air, water, and solid waste emissions generated. GHGs and other wastes, sinks, and emissions may then be assessed (Sheehan et ah, 1998). The net GHG emissions calculated from an LCA are usually reported per imit of product or as the carbon footprint. 

Eide, M. H., Homleid, J. P., and Mattsson, B. (2003). Life cycle assessment (LCA) of cleaning-in-place processes in dairies. Lebensm. Wiss. U. Technol. 36, 303-314. 

Koci V. Posuzovani zivotniho cyklu - Life cycle assessment LCA. Chrudim Ekomo-nitor 2009. 263 p. ISBN 978-80-86832-42-5... 

Carbon footprint is most appropriately calculated using life-cycle assessment or input-output analysis [3,4]- In this sense it is based on the ISO 14040 [4] and ISO 14043 [5] norms, on life cycle assessment (LCA). Specific norms for carbon footprint of enterprises and products are ISO 14064 (part 1,2, and 3) [6-8], ISO 14067 [9], and PAS 2500 [10]. Carbon footprint calculation process is shown in Figure 1. 

Abstract Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a useful tool to assess impacts of cradle-to-grave chains of products/services. In the Riskcycle framework, the focus is on additives. Additives are usually minor constituents of products, but depending on their specific properties they can be important in the total scope of impacts of such products. In the LCA literature, additives are hardly visible. Most case studies of products containing additives do not mention them. The reasons for this are unclear, but are at least partly due to the fact that information on additives is not included in standard LCA databases. This is true for both life cycle inventory (LCI) and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) databases. Therefore, it is difficult to conclude whether or not additives indeed are important contributors to environmental impacts over the life cycle. 

Additives form a part of the life cycle of many materials and therefore many products, wherein the materials are applied. Additives sometimes pose a risk to human and environmental health. Therefore, it may be expected that in life cycle assessment (LCA) studies this will show. 

The CalTOX model was originally developed as a set of spreadsheet models and spreadsheet data sets for assessing human exposures from continuous releases to air, soil, and water [7]. Hertwich [65-67] applied the CalTOX model for the assessment of human toxicity in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Ecotoxicicity is not evaluated in the model. 

Keywords Additives, Chemicals, Impurities, Life cycle assessment (LCA), Paper, Printing industry, Recycling... 

See also Bio- entries Life cycle analysis, 72 813. See also Life cycle assessment (LCA) in plastics recycling, 27 447... 

Also, in the 1990s, the Environmental Protection Agency began to focus on pollution prevention. The idea was to cut pollution using natural ecosystems as a model. Industrial systems should not be open-ended, dumping endless byproducts, but closed, as nature is, continuously cycling and recyling. This concept includes life cycle assessment (LCA) which considers ... 

Murphy, R., Bonin, M., Hillier, B. (2004). Life cycle assessment (LCA) of potato starch based packaging- strategic industry report STI/3/011. British Potato Council, UK. 

Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is part of a special section on the trends and challenges of the new environmental landscape. Another area seen as a priority is that of exposure estimations and the elucidation of the biological mechanisms of chemicals. Pollution prevention, which aims to deal with problems before they occur, is clearly becoming a salient approach to industrial ecology (Environmental Science Technology, 1996 Anastas and Lankey, 2000). 

Collectively, these developments have fostered a burgeoning corporate interest in the concepts of life-cycle design (LCD)—the application of life-cycle assessment (LCA) concepts to determine what a product contains, how it was produced, how it... 

Depending on the aim of the study, appropriate life-cycle methods and scope have to be chosen [27]. Most of the methods either consider all stages of the ENM or nanoproduct life-cycle, or focus only on specific parts of the life-cycle. For example, some methods focus only on the environmental health effects of ENMs, whereas life-cycle assessment (LCA) focuses on all environmental impacts of a nanoproduct, and thus also includes considerations such as impacts of energy consumption. LCA is essentially a comprehensive tool for environmental sustainability assessment. 

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