Lidocain hydrochloride

Trialkylammonium salts, such as lidocaine hydrochloride, are titrated in an aqueous solution containing a surfactant. The presence of the surfactant increases the trialkylammonium salt s K , giving a titration curve with a more pronounced break. The effect of adding an immiscible organic solvent, such as methylene chloride or toluene, also is demonstrated. 

Lidocaine hydrochloride [73-78-9] (Xylocaine), is the most versatile local anesthetic agent because of its moderate potency and duration of action, rapid onset, topical activity, and low toxicity. Its main indications are for infiltration, peripheral nerve blocks, extradural anesthesia, and in spinal anesthesia where a duration of 30 to 60 min is desirable. Because of its vasodilator activity, addition of the vasoconstrictor, epinephrine, increases the duration of action of Hdocaine markedly. It is also available in ointment or aerosol preparations for a variety of topical appHcations. 

Lldoc ine. Lidocaine hydrochloride, an anilide, was originally introduced as a local anesthetic in 1943 and found to be a potent antiarrhythmic in 1960. The compound is a reverse amide of procainamide. Lidocaine is generally considered to be the dmg of choice in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias and those originating from digitalis glycoside toxicity (1,2,15—17). 

After receiving lidocaine hydrochloride (Xylocaine HCI), the threshold is raised to a higher level, allowing fewer stimuli to reach the threshold. This results in decreased stimulation of the nerve fiber and prevents conduction of the nerve impulses causing the arrthvthmia. 

Lidocaine (Roxane) Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Elkins-Sinn)... 

Lidocaine (112), xyloceiine, and dibucaine (113) have been formulated in homo- and copolymers of lactide and glycolide. The goal of these studies has been relatively short-term (24-hr) controlled release of the anesthetic. Injectable microcapsules of lidocaine hydrochloride were produced by an air suspension coating technique and administered i.m. to rabbits (112). Serum levels of Udocaine indicated an initial rise over the first 2 hr and then a gradual decline with clearance after about 8-10 hr. 

FIG. 16 Chemical structures of (a) procaine hydrochloride, (b) lidocaine hydrochloride, (c) tetracaine hydrochloride, and (d) dibucaine hydrochloride. 

FIG. 1 Molecular structures of the drugs examined in the delivery study the general anesthetics, alkanols (I), halothane (II), enflurane (III), isoflurane (IV), halogenated cyclobutane (V) the local anesthetics, dibucaine hydrochloride (VI), procaine hydrochloride (VII), tetracaine hydrochloride (VIII), lidocaine hydrochloride (IX), benzyl alcohol (X) the endocrine disruptor, bisphenol A (XI), and alkylbenzenes, benzene (XII), toluene (XIII), ethylbenzene (XIV), and propylbenzene (XV). 

Fig. 5 Mean blood levels of lidocaine hydrochloride in live beagles after exponential IV infusion through a peripheral vein ( ) and in the portal vein ( ). Vertical bars represent standard errors of the mean. (From Ref. 13.)...

Several topically applied local anesthetics are routinely used by the eye care specialist in certain routine diagnostic procedures and for various relatively simple surgical procedures such as insertion of punctal plugs and surgical vision correction. The first of these to be used was cocaine, in concentrations ranging from 1 to 4% [30]. More modern local anesthetics, however, such as tetracaine hydrochloride and proparacaine hydrochloride, have replaced cocaine as drugs of choice in these procedures. For surgical procedures of a more complex nature, lidocaine hydrochloride and similar local anesthetics as retrobulbar injections have been used [31]. 

LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE INJECTION USP 10ML BOTTLE 5 PER PACKAGE 6505011065499 PG 15.76 ... 

LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE INJECTION USP 50ML VIAL 25 VIALS/PACKAGE 6505014478094 PG 12.16 ... 

LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE INJECTION USP 5MI SYRINGE-NEEDLE UNIT10S 6505011561797 PG 13.02 ... 

Ganem-Quintanar A, Quintanar-Guerrero D, Falson-Rieg F, Buri P (1998) Ex vivo oral mucosal permeation of lidocaine hydrochloride with sucrose fatty acid esters as absorption enhancers. Int J Pharm 173 203-210... 

Mueller-Goymann, C.C., and Frank, S.G., Interaction of lidocaine and lidocaine-hydrochloride with the liquid crystal structure of topical preparations, Int. J. Pharm., 29 147-159 (1986). 

IM administration Reconstitute cefepime with the following diluents Sterile Water for Injection, 0.9% Sodium Chloride, 5% Dextrose Injection, 0.5% or 1 % lidocaine hydrochloride, or Sterile Bacteriostatic Water for Injection with parabens or benzyl alcohol. 

IM Hypersensitivity to local anesthetics of the amide type and in patients with severe shock or heart block due to the use of lidocaine hydrochloride diluent. 

Lidocaine hydrochloride Xylocaine) is the most commonly used local anesthetic. It is well tolerated, and in addition to its use in infiltration and regional nerve blocks, it is commonly used for spinal and topical anesthesia and as an antiarrhythmic agent (see Chapter 16). Lidocaine has a more rapidly occurring, more intense, and more prolonged duration of action than does procaine. 

Class I, Type IB Antiarrhythmics lidocaine hydrochloride mexiletine hydrochloride... 

Fatty acid esters would be predicted to have little irritation or toxic effects. Ex vivo permeability studies conducted in porcine buccal mucosa showed significant permeation enhancement of an enkephalin from liquid crystalline phases of glycerine monooleate [32]. These were reported to enhance peptide absorption by a cotransport mechanism. Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether was reported to enhance the permeation of essential oil components of Salvia desoleana through porcine buccal mucosa from a topical microemulsion gel formulation [33]. Some sucrose fatty acid esters, namely, sucrose laurate, sucrose oleate, sucrose palmitate, and sucrose stearate, were investigated on the permeation of lidocaine hydrochloride [34], with 1.5% w/v sucrose laurate showing a 22-fold increase in the enhancement ratio. 

Figure 8.1 Conversion of Lidocaine into Lidocaine Hydrochloride...

Since lidocaine is a weak base, the salt of that weak base will be an acid. The pK3 of lidocaine hydrochloride is 7.9 (Ka = 1.3 x 10-8). The pH of a solution of lidocaine hydrochloride will be slightly acidic. 

Just like sodium ions, chloride ions are spectator ions in acid-base chemistry. Their job is to provide a charge balance to the cations in solution. So, in calculating the pH of lidocaine hydrochloride we ignore the chloride ion. Now we could draw out the structure or write the molecular formula of lidocaine and its conjugate acid, but it is tedious to do so. Let s do what most chemists do, and postulate a temporary abbreviation for these species. How about using L for lidocaine, and HL+ for its conjugate acid Now, we can write an equation for the acid ionization equilibrium reaction. 

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