Properties Associated with the Bulk Level

This variation in the properties of polymers along their interfaces with inclusions is extended to layers of a sometimes significant thickness. This follows from the fact that, if only a thin surface-layer of the polymer was affected by its contact with the other phase, then the change in Tg should be insignificant, since the level of the glass transition temperature is associated with the bulk of the polymer, or, at least, with a large portion of it. 

A systematic approach to the physical characterization of pharmaceutical solids has been outlined [6], and it will be filled out in significantly more depth in the chapters of the present work. Within this system, physical properties are classified as being associated with the molecular level (those associated with individual molecules), the particulate level (those pertaining to individual solid particles), or the bulk level (those associated with an assembly of particulate species). 

Polymers for second-order NLO applications have been extensively investigated during the last ten years. However, significant progress in material development efforts toward practical applications has been made only in recent years. This chapter discusses the current state of the art in the development of second-order NLO polymers. We start with a brief description of the NLO phenomena at both the molecular and bulk levels. The design considerations and property optimization of chromophores are associated with the molecular level optical nonlinearity. The induced noncentrosymmetric dipolar orientation of chromophores leads to the bulk second-order NLO properties, which are most commonly char-... 

Most molded material, as well as most processed material, will have a different surface or skin composition compared with the bulk or core material. Take a look at a common disposable PS foam plate. The surface or skin is smooth. Break it and look at the core and it is different being more cellular. This difference is greater than having simply a difference in appearance. There also exist different fine molecular-level differences. Molecular structure, and associated bulk properties, is controlled in part by the particular processing and processing particulars. 

---