Legislation quality requirements

Spent ion-exchange and adsorption materials represent a special type of waste, and pose unique problems in the selection of their treatment options. With the evolution of environmental legislation, it is now required that spent materials meet specific quality requirements prior to disposal. In the selection of the treatment method for spent materials, their physical and chemical characteristics must be considered. Basically, there are two main treatment methods destruction and immobilization. In several occasions, depending on the nature of the spent material, a pretreatment step is required. 

The legislation also required the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish national primary ambient air quality standards to protect health and secondary standards to protect the public welfare. Ambient standards were greatly needed as a guide to the degree of emission controls required in various regions. National standards for particulates, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and hydro-... 

The 1972 legislation also required federal effluent limitations and state water quality standards,... 

Regulators, clients, and consumers expect to receive a true result fium the laboratory. In order to avoid a semantie discussion about what is the true result , legislators generally define quality requirements to be met by the analytieal method and by the laboratory. The minimum requirements to be met by the analytieal methods used, according to the European directive (Couneil Directive 98/83/EC, 1998), shall be capable of measuring concentrations equal to the parametric value with a specified trueness, precision, and limit of detection. 

Increasingly stringent air quality requirements and legislation have encouraged the development of new technologies for the desulfurization of gases and transportation fuels. Electrochemical techniques have attracted the attention of researchers and refiners because of their inherent sustainability as an environmental friendly alternative. In this section, the applications of desulfurization processes for gases and transportation fuels are summarized. 

In the United States, in particular, recent legislation has mandated sweeping improvements to urban air quality by limiting mobile source emissions and by promoting cleaner fuels. The new laws require commercial and government fleets to purchase a substantial number of vehicles powered by an alternative fuel, such as natural gas, propane, electricity, methanol or ethanol. However, natural gas is usually preferred because of its lower cost and lower emissions compared with the other available alternative gas or liquid fuels. Even when compared with electricity, it has been shown that the full fuel cycle emissions, including those from production, conversion, and transportation of the fuel, are lower for an NGV [2]. Natural gas vehicles offer other advantages as well. Where natural gas is abundantly available as a domestic resource, increased use... 

Ensuring that the policy is relevant to the expectations and needs of the organization s customers is a little more difficult. Companies need to predict what their customer expectations and needs are (now a requirement in clause 4.1.4 under Business plans). They may be beyond what they specify in contracts although they may in fact be identical to such specifications. For companies to create satisfied customers they not only need to meet requirements specified by the customer but meet national and international legislation and have consideration for the needs and expectations of society. As explained in Part 1 Chapter 1 on Quality characteristics, customers are not only the buyers but comprise several other interested parties. You need to provide a means of determining what the customer expectations and needs are and then subject the written quality policy to a review against those expectations and needs to determine if there is any conflict. As part of your business planning procedure you should indicate how you determine your customer s current and future needs and expectations. 

Vitrified slag. This has a quality that meets the requirements of Dutch legislation for secondary building materials. 

In all 10 countries, licensing of manufacturing, product assessment and registration, GMP inspection, import controls and control of product quality are determined by legislation. Licensing of importation and wholesale trade is not required in Cuba and Cypms, however. In Zimbabwe, a licence is required for wholesale trade. 

In 1978 the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry produced a comprehensive summary of the objectives of External Quality Assessment (IFCC 1978). The first six points of Table 4.1 summarize the IFCC objectives the seventh has developed since that time and is of considerable importance in many countries where strict control over laboratories undertaking particular types of work is required by legislation or by appropriate professional organizations. 

If one wishes to predict the future of additive analysis in polymers, it is relevant to consider the prospects of further evolution of polymeric and additive materials the influence of legislation and environment instrumental developments and currently unsolved problems. It then becomes clear that additive analysis stands a fair chance remaining in use for some time, certainly in a strongly competitive environment, which will require improved product design specifications, quality assurance and research for new applications. As ideal production environments are rare, customer complaints will also require continuous attention. Government regulations are another reason for continuous analytical efforts. 

NEPA was the major environmental legislation representing the nation s commitment to protect and maintain environmental quality. This act introduced the requirement that environmental impact statements be prepared on all federal actions. 

---