Dealing with Facts

Finally, there is both information and misinformation floating around about the curative powers of plants and herbs, and still other substances. No one can tell whether we are dealing with facts or with speculations. The National Institutes of Health is belatedly trying to sort it out, and is sponsoring a survey to accumulate information about unorthodox cancer cures or remissions that have been substantiated and documented by M.D.s or their equivalent. This is sound policy, given the fact that you do not know whom to beheve, and people are liable to say anything. This brings up the point that an absolute cure that is both definitive and decisive is the objective. 

When fairness is not achieved, the losses can be significant, whether calculated as operating expense losses (one percent, demonstrated by Stuart, 1992) or as litigation costs. Achieving fairness requires dealing with fact and, most important, feelings. 

The diagnostic system DK-ID comrising the X-ray densitometer and special equipment for speciments prepare is designed in MSIA Spectrum . This system is actively used by several Russian companies dealing with forestry. The fact of efficient radiographic tomography use, when inspecting the conditions of trees in the forests is also known. 

Flere we discuss the exploration of phase diagrams, and the location of phase transitions. See also [128. 129. 130. 131] and [22, chapters 8-14]. Very roughly we classify phase transitions into two types first-order and continuous. The fact that we are dealing with a finite-sized system must be borne in mind, in either case. 

In the last sentence the word corrected is in quotation marks to emphasize the point that the observation is corrct Rather, we are not in a position to deal with the information it tells us, namely, that these particles do not have negligible dimensions compared to X. Until now we have lacked theory for dealing with this fact. It should be recognized that, by circumventing the... 

The traditional view of emulsion stability (1,2) was concerned with systems of two isotropic, Newtonian Hquids of which one is dispersed in the other in the form of spherical droplets. The stabilization of such a system was achieved by adsorbed amphiphiles, which modify interfacial properties and to some extent the colloidal forces across a thin Hquid film, after the hydrodynamic conditions of the latter had been taken into consideration. However, a large number of emulsions, in fact, contain more than two phases. The importance of the third phase was recognized early (3) and the lUPAC definition of an emulsion included a third phase (4). With this relation in mind, this article deals with two-phase emulsions as an introduction. These systems are useful in discussing the details of formation and destabilization, because of their relative simplicity. The subsequent treatment focuses on three-phase emulsions, outlining three special cases. The presence of the third phase is shown in order to monitor the properties of the emulsion in a significant manner. 

Saccharin does not comply with the normal 4n + 2)ir-electron rule for aromaticity, but in view of the fact that it has been shown earlier to have a degree of ir-electron delocalization through the sulfur atom, and for convenience of classification of its chemical reactions, it will be considered to be aromatic in the subsequent sections dealing with its chemistry. 

Type of Data In general, statistics deals with two types of data counts and measurements. Counts represent the number of discrete outcomes, such as the number of defective parts in a shipment, the number of lost-time accidents, and so forth. Measurement data are treated as a continuum. For example, the tensile strength of a synthetic yarn theoretically could be measured to any degree of precision. A subtle aspect associated with count and measurement data is that some types of count data can be dealt with through the application of techniques which have been developed for measurement data alone. This abihty is due to the fact that some simphfied measurement statistics sei ve as an excellent approximation for the more tedious count statistics. 

The fact that batch processes are not carried out at steady state conditions imposes broad demands on the control system. The instrumentation and control system have to be selected to provide adequate control for a wide variety of operating conditions and a wide variety of processes. In addition, basic process control and shutdown systems have to deal with sequencing issues. This chapter presents issues and concerns related to safety of instrumentation and control in batch reaction systems, and provides potential solutions. 

The lone remaining aspect of this topic that requires additional discussion is the fact that the mechanical threshold stress evolution is path-dependent. The fact that (df/dy)o in (7.41) is a function of y means that computations of material behavior must follow the actual high-rate deformational path to obtain the material strength f. This becomes a practical problem only in dealing with shock-wave compression. 

Designers have always had to deal with the fact that parts cannot be made perfectly or if they could, they would not remain perfect for long during use. So defining the ideal component is only one aspect of the designer s job (Hopp, 1993). The designer must also decide by how much a still acceptable component can be from the ideal. A component can vary from the ideal in many ways in its geometry, its material properties, surface finish - a virtually unlimited list (Alexander, 1964). 

In Ancient Rome, Pliny the Elder (c. a.d. 23-79) dedicated 37 volumes of Natural History to the emperor Titus. In the last of these books, dealing with gems and precious stones, he describes the properties of the fossil resin, amber. The ability of amber to attract dust was recognised and in fact the word electricity is derived from elektron, the Greek for amber. 

In fact, this procedure can be used for any aliphatic series such as alcohols, amines, etc. Consequently, before dealing with a specific homologous series, the validity of using the methylene group as the reference group needs to be established. The source of retention data that will be used to demonstrate this procedure is that published by Martire and his group [5-10] at Georgetown University and are included in the thesis of many of his students. The stationary phases used were all n-alkanes and there was extensive data available from the stationary phase n-octadecane. The specific data included the specific retention volumes of the different solutes at 0°C (V r(To)) thus, (V r(T)) was calculated for any temperature (Ti) as follows. 

The performance of a product where adhesion plays a role is determined both by its adhesive and cohesive properties. In the case of silicones, the promotion of adhesion and cohesion follows different mechanisms [37]. In this context, adhesion promotion deals with the bonding of a silicone phase to the substrate and reinforcement of the interphase region formed at the silicone-substrate interphase. The thickness and clear definition of this interphase is not well known, and in fact depends on many parameters including the surface physico-chemistry of... 

Employees in the process area where the incident occurred should be consulted, interviewed, or made members of the team. Their knowledge of the events represents a significant set of facts about the incident that occurred. The report, its findings, and recommendations should be shared with those who can benefit from the information. The cooperation of employees is essential to an effective incident investigation. The focus of the investigation should be to obtain facts, and not to place blame. The team and the investigative process should clearly deal with all involved individuals in a fair, open, and consistent manner. 

This level of simplicity is not the usual case in the systems that are of interest to chemical engineers. The complexity we will encounter will be much higher and will involve more detailed issues on the right-hand side of the equations we work with. Instead of a constant or some explicit function of time, the function will be an explicit function of one or more key characterizing variables of the system and implicit in time. The reason for this is that of cause. Time in and of itself is never a physical or chemical cause—it is simply the independent variable. When we need to deal with the analysis of more complex systems the mechanism that causes the change we are modeling becomes all important. Therefore we look for descriptions that will be dependent on the mechanism of change. In fact, we can learn about the mechanism of... 

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