Dust, lead interior paint

For purposes of categorizing environmental mobility, one can subdivide the topic of dust lead by origin exterior leaded dusts from atmospheric deposition and/or weathering lead paints and interior dusts from atmospheric lead deposition and/or leaded paints. Atmospheric lead deposition to interior or... 

Multisite, subnational U.S. evaluations of the impacts of lead in paint and interior dusts included the remediation effects at multiple U.S. sites, where old dwellings with lead paint hazards were subjected to various Pb abatement strategies. Galke et al. (2001) reported that the combined interventions at 14 locales involving 2,600 units treated to control lead paint hazards, mainly in the form of window replacement and repair of painted surfaces, had reduced geometric mean PbB levels by 26%, from 11.0 to 8.2pg/dl. Dust lead loadings had also been reduced and the reduction persisted at least 1 year. 

Before it was banned, lead-based paint was the paint of choice for double-hung windows because of its superior adhesive properties (Park and Hicks 1995). But as sashes rub against each other when the lower sash is opened and closed, a fine dust is produced (CDC 2012). This is the source of much lead in dust in older homes (CDC 2012). The dust can be inhaled and ingested by toddlers who accumulate the lead on their hands as they crawl (CDC 2012). Hand-to-mouth activity then results in ingestion (World Health Organization 2010). Dust on floors below windows is covered under the clearance standards set by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). After work in a house by a paid contractor that disturbs lead paint, the amount of lead on a floor can be no more than 40 pg per square foot (pg/ft ) interior windowsills can have no more than 250 pg/ft and window troughs can have no more than 400 pg/ft. ... 

Lead-based paiat ra buildings, interiors and exteriors Lead food cans Lead gasoline and dust Lead water pipes Soil Oil, coal, combustion and solid waste Metal refining, smelting, and manufacturing processes emissions Emissions from alkyl lead manufacturers Lead battery manufacturers and recyclers Portland cement manufactnring Painted surfaces weathering... 

In the Cincinnati prospective lead study of public and private low- and moderate-income housing, the lead concentration ranges were painted interior walls, 0.1-35 mg/cm2 interior home surface dust, 0.04-39 mg/m2 and 72-16,200 pg/g interior home dustfall, 0.0040-60 mg/m2/30 days exterior dust scrapings, 20-108,000 pg/g and dust on children s hands, 1-191 pg. The lead levels in older private deteriorating or dilapidated housing were higher than the levels in newer public and rehabilitated housing (Clark etal. 1985). 

Everything she had been doing for her children was poisoning them. The baby s growth problems, she learned later, were caused by the lead dust that permeated the home from sanding and scraping the old paint from the exterior and interior of the newly purchased house. She had tried to make a beautiful, comfortable home for her family, hut it turned out she was poisoning her children with lead dust. 

Soil lead is a major contributor to dusts, as are exterior or interior leaded paints in deteriorated or deteriorating condition. 

Concentrations of lead in outside dusts vary with their location and inputs. A summary of studies in U.S. EPA (1986, Ch. 7) shows that in rural environments at a time when leaded gasoline was in use, rural roadside dusts were on the order of 80—130 ppm, and urban roadways had dust levels in the range of 1,000—20,000 ppm. Interior household dusts in the United States can present an upper range of 5,600—16,(X)0 depending on source inputs to these dusts such as deteriorating lead paint (Angle and Mclntire, 1979 Clark et al., 1985) or lead smelter emissions (Landrigan et al., 1975). 

In the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries in U.S. households, LBP was used for both interior and exterior surfaces. Each type of surface presented different potential risks for contact and potential human exposures. Interior LBP posed the more significant risk in terms of duration of typical contact for young children, especially infants and toddlers. However, exterior lead paints produced a broader reach for lead contact through higher deterioration rates and wider dissemination of deteriorated paint residues. For example, exterior lead paint readily weathered over time and shed fine, high-hazard particles onto contiguous soils and as exterior dusts. 

More refined forms of regression analyses have emerged to better quantify source—exposure and source—pathway—exposure relationships for lead. A particularly useful form is a variation on the multiple regression technique of structural equation modeling (SEM). Figme 9.1 shows interior dust, the principal Pb exposure pathway for infants and toddlers, arising from exterior Pb dusts, interior Pb paint, or secondary occupational ( take-home ) dusts. 

Banned Pb paint for both interior and exterior building surfaces, banned dry sanding, other hazardous acts by painters, not occupants banned women and children from the Pb painting and manufacturing trades Similar occupational restrictions for Pb paint use and production to France lead poisoning cases were eligible for workman s compensation Similar occupational restrictions as in France and Great Britain, plus extensive controls on workplace Pb dusts... 

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