Laser-induced breakdown detection

Fig. 5. Colloid concentrations determined under in situ conditions at the Aspo hard rock laboratory, Sweden. Analysis of colloids has been performed on line by (a) using a mobile laser-induced breakdown detection (LIBD) arrangement, and (b) DOC analysis of collected samples in the laboratory (Hauser et al. 2003). Bars in the upper diagram represent colloid concentration ranges detected during the campaign. Colloid concentrations and DOC are plotted against salinity expressed as the groundwater CP concentration (lower x-axis) and ionic strength (upper x-axis).

A mobile laser-induced breakdown detection system and 1 st application for the in-situ monitoring of colloid migration. Colloids Surfaces, 203, 37-45. 

Walther, C., Bitea, C., Hauser, W., Kim, J. I. Scherbaum, F. J. 2002. Laser induced breakdown detection for the assessment of colloid mediated radionuclide migration. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 195, 374-388. 

LDH LEU LIBD LAW LET LILW LIP LLNL LLW LMA LMFBR LOI LREE L/S LTA LWR Layered double hydroxide Low enriched uranium Laser-induced breakdown detection Low-activity waste Linear energy transfer Low- and intermediate-level nuclear waste Lead-iron phosphate Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Low-level nuclear waste Law of mass action Liquid-metal-cooled fast-breeder reactor Loss on ignition Light rare earth elements (La-Sm) Liquid-to-solid ratio (leachates) Low-temperature ashing Light water reactor... 

Because the chapter is about DOM, detailed information about the role of colloids and the analytical techniques are given elsewhere (e.g., Buffle and Leppard, 1995 Kretzschmar et al., 1999 Frimmel et al., 2007). Different separation techniques, like ultrafiltration, size exclusion chromatography, and flow field-flow fractionation can be coupled with UV-vis absorption and ICP-MS to show the interaction of metals and colloids. Elements like Ni, Cu, Cr, and Co are associated mainly with smaller-size DOM fractions whereas Al, Fe, lanthanides, Sn, and Th are associated with larger-size DOM fractions (Bolea et al., 2006). The laser-induced breakdown detection (LIBD) is a new, sensitive method for the quantification of aquatic colloids of lower-range nanometer size in very low concentration, which cannot be... 

Bundschuh,T., Knopp, R., and Kim, J. I. (2001). Laser-induced breakdown detection (LIBD) of aquatic colloids with different laser systems. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 177,47-55. 

Bundschuh T, Knopp R, Kim JI (2001) Laser-induced breakdown detection (LIBD) of aquatic colloids with different laser systems. Colloids Surfaces A 177 47-55 Burdett JK, McLaman TJ (1984) An orbital interpretation of Pauhng s rales. Am Mineral 69 601-621 Burdett JK, Price GD, Price SL (1981) The factors influencing sohd state structure. An interpretation using pseudopotential radii maps. Phys Rev B 24 2903-2912 Calas G, Brown GE Jr, Waychunas GA, Petiau J (1987) X-ray absorption spectroscopic studies of silicate glasses and minerals. Phys Chem Minerals 15 19-29... 

The onset of (visible) precipitation in these titrations was observed at pH 3.51 -3.60. This is in fair agreement with more recent solubility studies with Th02(am, hyd), e.g., with [1963B1L/FUR] and [2002NEC/MUL] where the onset of precipitation / colloid formation in titrations at similar thorium concentrations was determined by light scattering or laser-induced breakdown detection. 

Bitea et al. [2003BIT/MUL] discuss the stability of thorium colloids generated by cou-lometric titration of 10 to 10 M thorium solutions at pH 3 - 5 in 0.5 M NaCl. Using laser-induced breakdown detection (LIBD) and ultrafiltration the colloids formed above the solubility limit of Th(lV) hydroxide were found to be stable within the time period of investigation (up to more than 400 days). Dilution of colloid containing test solutions at constant pH leads to the degradation of colloids into soluble ionic species, whereas dilution with neutral 0.5 M NaCl results in increased over-saturation and colloid formation, as recognised by a pH shift to lower values. This observation was ascribed to the simplified reaction ... 

Koster R, Wangner T, Delay M, Frimmel FH. Release of contaminants from bottom ashes-coUoid facilitated transport and colloid trace analysis by means of laser-induced breakdown detection (LIBD). In Frimmel FH, von der Kammer F, Flemming H-C (Eds.), Colloidal Transport in Porous Media. Springer, Berlin,... 

A promising new method of sizing and counting individual colloids in groundwater is Laser Induced Breakdown Detection (LIBD) (Bundschuh et al.,... 

Different analytical techniques are used for detection of the elemental composition of the solid samples. The simplest is direct detection of emission from the plasma of the ablated material formed above a sample surface. This technique is generally referred to as LIBS or LIPS (laser induced breakdown/plasma spectroscopy). Strong continuous background radiation from the hot plasma plume does not enable detection of atomic and ionic lines of specific elements during the first few hundred nanoseconds of plasma evolution. One can achieve a reasonable signal-to-noise ra-... 

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy Light detection and ranging Laser-induced fluorescence Lab-on-a-chip... 

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy Plasma generated by a laser pulse and detection of the emitted light (destruction of sample) X Drug development Process troubleshooting... 

Martin M, Evans B, O Neill H, Woodward J (2003) Appl Opt 42 6174 Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy used to detect palladium and silver metal dispersed in bacterial cellulose membranes... 

Laser-induced breakdown spectrometry was used for the analysis of gaseous samples containing elements such as F, Cl, S, P, As and Hg in air, and hydrides of column 111 and V elements (e.g. B,H, PH,) [184-189]. The aim was to measure trace amounts of analytes in hostile environments and gas impurities for hydride work. Mercury was detected at the parts-per-billion level in air using a photodiode array detector that recorded single-shot spectra over a range of 20 nm [186]. Cremers el al. [189] reported limits of detection of 8 and 38 pg/ml for chlorine and fluorine, respectively, the source of both... 

The technique based on laser-induced breakdown coupled to mass detection, which should thus be designated LIB-MS, is better known as laser plasma ionization mass spectrometry (LI-MS). The earliest uses of the laser-mass spectrometry couple were reported in the late 1960s. Early work included the vaporization of graphite and coal for classifying coals, elemental analyses in metals, isotope ratio measurements and pyrolysis [192]. Later work extended these methods to biological samples, the development of the laser microprobe mass spectrometer, the formation of molecular ions from non-voIatile organic salts and the many multi-photon techniques designed for (mainly) molecular analysis [192]. 

Interestingly, the mobile (comparatively) fast-sensor strategy has recently been implemented for subsurface studies in the form of a truck-mounted geotechnical probe equipped with miniaturized laser-induced fluorescence or laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy sensors to detect vertical and horizontal dis-... 

The Curiosity rover has a whole suite of chemistry tools on board. The laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) tool is probably the coolest. This instrument breaks down rocks and bits of soil by firing a (freaking) laser at the target. The elements that made up that rock are then detected by atomic emission spectroscopy. Curiosity also contains an alpha particle (He + ion) X-ray spectrometer (APXS), which is also used to measure what elements make up a sample. If the NASA scientists want to know more... 

Understanding how nanoenergetic materials are both made and consumed requires the ability to monitor these processes widi real time in-situ diagnostic techniques. Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is an optical technique that can detect all the elements simultaneously from very small sanq>les of material. Only four elements are needed to implement this technique an excitation source, delivery and collecting optics, a detector with wavelength dispersion capability, and a conqtuter for control and anal is. Because of these relatively sinq>le requirements, a conq>lete LIBS system can be made contact, rugged, and fairly ine q>ensively. Spectrometers are now becoming commercially... 

FFF-ICP-MS The ICP-MS is a multielement analysis tool ideally suited for direct coupling with FFF. The ICP torch is capable of vaporizing and ionizing particles in the eluent up to 10 pm, and the plasma is then fed into an MS for simultaneous detection of many elements. Quadripole, mass-sector, and time of flight MSs are now available, depending on the sensitivity, mass resolution, and response time required. FFF-ICP-MS yields element-based size distributions. Other element detection systems that have been used include ICP-AESs, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometers, and very recently laser-induced breakdown spectrometers. 

The second approach named laser-induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) is based on atomic emission spectroscopy. In this method, a laser is focused on a solid sample and forms a microplasma that emits light characteristics of the elemental composition of the sample. The emitted light is collected, spectrally resolved, and detected to monitor concentrations of elements via their unique spectral signatures. When calibrated, the method can also provide quantitative measurements. 

Laser-induced breakdown spectrometry enables simultaneous analysis of various elements in a short time. The obtained sensitivity for sulfur is not, however, as good as with the ICP techniques. For example, a detection limit of 45 pg per g for sulfur in steel has been obtained using this technique. 

All major modem atomic absorption and emission techniques and instrumentation are covered, including new MP-AES and triple quadrupole ICP-MS instruments. The relatively new technique of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been added to Chapter 7 and is now currently being used on Mars in the Curiosity rover, which landed on the Red Planet in August 2012. Appendices with EAAS and GEAAS conditions have been added, and the appendix with limits of detection for all the atomic spectroscopic techniques has been updated from the sixth edition. The chapter on X-ray has been significantly revised by Dr. Alexander Seyfarth, the new coauthor of the chapter, to reflect the state of the art in XRP, XRD, and related techniques. Many new graphics have been added. 

IAEA (2009b) Experts and users advisory meeting on laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for safeguards applications, STR-362, Vienna IAEA (2009c) In Focused workshop on antineutrino detection for safeguards applications, STR-361, Vienna, 28-30 Oct 2008... 

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