Landfill leachate toxicity

Alternative Methods for the Study of Landfill Leachate Toxicity. 175... 

Atwater, J.W., Jasper, S., Mavinic, D.S. and Koch, F.A. (1983) Experiments using Daphnia to measure landfill leachate toxicity, Water Research 17, 1855-1861. 

Clement, B. and Bouvet, Y. (1993) Asessment of landfill leachate toxicity using the duckweed (Lemna minor). Science of the Total Environment, Suppl., 1179-1190. 

The evaluation of risk has underlined the possible adverse effects both on human health after the exposure to drinking water contaminated by landfill leachate and on small rodents and aquatic species at the hypothesized condition for humans, the estimated toxic effects of the raw leachate are mainly due to the levels of ammonia and cadmium and carcinogenic effects are induced by arsenic first and then by PCBs and PCDD/Fs while ecological potential risk is mainly attributable to the concentration of inorganic compounds, in particular ammonia for small rodents, cadmium, ammonia, and heavy metals for fishes. 

Landfill leachate is an important point pollution source to water body, which contains DOM with a large number of unknown molecules that actively involve in biogeochemical and environmental processes (Chin et al. 1997). DOM not only plays an important role in freshwater systems for the mobility of toxic heavy metals and other pollutants but also may itself be a groundwater contaminant (Christensen etal. 1998). 

Copper complexes with organic acids from landfill leachates were contributing to the toxicity towards zebra fish embryos only if the molar mass of the complexes was sufficiently small to allow penetration of biological membranes [228]. Fractions of landfill leachate with M > 5000 g mol-1 had a... 

Figure 10. Median zebra fish embryo hatching rates as a function of calculated Cu2+ concentrations. Reprinted with permission from [228] Fraser, J. K. et al. (2000). Formation of copper complexes in landfill leachate and their toxicity to zebrafish embryos , Environ. Toxic. Chem., 19, 1397-1402. Copyright SETAC, Pensacola, Florida, USA...

Bernard, C. Persoone, G. CoUn, J. Le Du-Delepierre, A. Estimation of the hazard of landfills through toxicity testing of leachates determination of leachate toxicity with a battery of acute tests. Chemosphere 1996, 33, 2203-2230. 

Mote Probably the most newsworthy, publicized incidents have stemmed from public and industrial dumping sites, covered in this summary under landfill leachate. A class of pesticides most commonly found in groundwater is ncmatocidcs. They arc particularly difficult because manufacturers design them to be both persistent and toxic. DBCP il,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane) is a representative nematocide. 

Kross, B.C. and Cherryholmes, K. (1993) Toxicity screening of sanitary landfill leachates a comparative evaluation with Microtox analyses, chemical, and other toxicity screening methods, in M. Richardson (ed.), Ecotoxicology Monitoring, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 225-249. 

As shown in the preceding section, toxic metals may be present in a wide variety of physicochemical forms in surface waters, wastewater, landfill leachates, soils, or sediments. Early on, metal speciation in surface waters was determined, using a chemical approach (Giesy et al., 1978). We now know that metal speciation affects their bioavailability and potential toxicity to aquatic organisms (Tessier and Turner,... 

Other applications of the MetPLATE test include the assessment of heavy metal toxicity in aquatic environments (Gupta and Karuppiah, 1996), soils (Bitton et ah, 1996 Brohon and Gourdon, 2000 Kong et ah, 2003), sediments (Bitton et ah, 1992a de Vevey et ah, 1993 Kong et ah, 1998), leachates from wood treated with CCA and other wood preservatives (Stook et ah, 2001), municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachates (Ward et ah, 2002), teapots (Boularbah et ah, 1999) and metal accumulation in plants (Boularbah et ah, 2000). 

Ernst, W.R., Hennigar, P., Doe, K., Wade, S. and Julien, G. (1994) Characterization of chemical constituents and toxicity to aquatic organisms of a municipal landfill leachate, Water Pollution Research Journal of Canada 29, 89-101. 

Mezzanotte, V., Sora, S., Vigano, L. and Vismara, R. (1988) Using bioassays to evaluate the toxic and mutagenic properties of landfill leachate, in L. Anderson and J. Moller (eds.), /SWA 88 Proceedings, 1, Academic Press, London, UK, pp. 131-136. 

Plotkin, S. and Ram, N.M. (1984) Multiple bioassays to assess the toxicity of a sanitary landfill leachate, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 13, 197-206. 

Schrab, G.E., Brown, K.W. and Donnelly, K.C. (1993) Acute and genetic toxicity of municipal landfill leachate, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 69, 99-112. 

Landfill leachate is rainwater that has percolated through landfill wastes. It dissolves numerous compounds, many of them toxic. Modern landfills have containment and treatment procedures to prevent this diffuse source of pollution from contaminating ground water. 

Baun A., Klpft L., Bjerg P. L., and Nyholm N. (1999) Toxicity testing of organic chemicals in groundwater polluted with landfill leachate. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18, 2046-2056. 

Relatively few studies have been carried out on the toxic effects of chemical mixtures on the cardiovascular system. The research that has been published addresses the effects of nonspecific mixtures, including landfill leachates, air pollution, and tobacco smoke. These are discussed in the next three sections. 

Landfill leachates contain many of the compounds listed in Table 29.1 and would, therefore, be expected to show cardiovascular toxicity. Only one study was found in the literature that specifically addresses the cardiotoxicity of landfill leachates. The results of that study follow. 

Treatment of Lamffill Leachates. Landfill leachate contains large quantities of nonbiodegradable and toxic constituents. Some heterogenous catalytic ozonation processes (Ecoclear or Catazone systems) can successfully treat landfill leachates. " In addition, ozone-based AOPs have also been successfully used to remove COD or TOC either as pretreatment or at the final stage of the treatment. Both heterogenous catalytic ozonation and the AOP processes are introduced below. 

O Connor, O.A., R. Dewan, R Galuzzi, and L.Y. Young. 1990. Landfill leachates a study of its anaerobic mineralization and toxicity to methanogenesis. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18 143-147. 

Cameron RD, Koch FA (1980) Toxicity of landfill leachates. J Wat Pollut Control Fed 52, 760-769. 

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