Landfill emissions-processes

Before assessing the potential for landfill to be a sustainable waste management option, the following chapters will consider the pollution potential of landfill, and the associated risk, through examination of tte nature of landfill emissions, the means by which those emissions may reach sensitive receptors and the means for controlling these processes. 

Landfill emissions Have emissions from biodegradation in landfills been taken into account (especially methane which orginates from inaerobic processes in landfills) How high are the emissions ... 

The need to meet environmental regulations can affect processing costs. Undesirable air emissions may have to be eliminated and Hquid effluents and soHd residues treated and disposed of by incineration or/and landfilling. It is possible for biomass conversion processes that utilize waste feedstocks to combine waste disposal and treatment with energy and/or biofuel production so that credits can be taken for negative feedstock costs and tipping or receiving fees. 

The purpose of chemical processes is not to make chemicals the purpose is to make money. However, the profit must be made as part of a sustainable industrial activity. Chemical processes should be designed as part of a sustainable industrial activity that retains the capacity of ecosystems to support both industrial activity and life into the future. Sustainable industrial activity must meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations. For chemical process design, this means that processes should use raw materials as efficiently as is economic and practicable, both to prevent the production of waste that can be environmentally harmful and to preserve the reserves of raw materials as much as possible. Processes should use as little energy as economic and practicable, both to prevent the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels and to preserve reserves of fossil fuels. Water must also be consumed in sustainable quantities that do not cause deterioration in the quality of the water source and the long-term quantity of the reserves. Aqueous and atmospheric emissions must not be environmentally harmful, and solid waste to landfill must be avoided. 

The aim of the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) is to facilitate the interpretation of the results of the inventory analysis. The result of the inventory analysis is an emission profile for each alternative system. In this study the emission profile is the total of all emissions to air, water and soil from the grave-to-cradle chain for the use of cushion vinyl floor covering, including the up chain processes, like electricity production and the down chain processes, like the incineration and landfill of the waste. Such an emission profile may consist of hundreds of emissions and extractions. In LCA impact assessment the total of interventions (emissions, extractions) of a process chain is evaluated in terms of environmental problems (impact categories). 

Now the question is to which substances can the contributions be attributed Table 4 shows the contribution of the emitted substances from processes for the weighted impact score. The emission of CO2 during incineration of EoL PVC and other processes appears to have a large contribution. Also the ecotoxicity effect of the emission of phthalate to water during landfill of EoL PVC appears to have a substantial contribution. 

Process Elementary flow Category Incineration Landfill DEHP emissions Recycling... 

To estimate material-specific emissions from the waste treatment processes, landfill and incineration, of EoL cushion vinyl floor covering a supporting spreadsheet of Ecoinvent is used. The results will depend on the assumptions that are made in these models. In this project these assumptions are not studied in detail. Necessary data for the calculation of the burden are, e.g. element composition, water content, energy content, degradability in landfill, etc. Note that the Ecoinvent waste management model estimates emissions based on the element composition and some general characteristics of the materials (like degradability). Detailed... 

Recyclable materials Combustion residence time Heat treatment Stability of the process Atmospheric emissions Solid wastes from the process Waste from separation Up to 4 s at about 1,200°C Integrated process Without caloric restriction Much less than the legal limits Cement furnaces Waste from separation 2 s up to 850°C Only incineration Minimum CP of 1,400-1,600 kcal/kg Within the legal limits Sanitary landfills... 

Energy production and consumption pose nature into pressure and make the energy sector becomes the largest contributor of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in Vietnam since 2010, accounting for 67%. Several emission sources of GHG could be found in a waste treatment facilities it came from (1) emission of methane (CH4, GWP 25) at landfill of mixed waste, (2) from emission of fossil carbon dioxide through the combustion of plastics and composites or supported fuels (auxiliary), and (3) from emission of nitrous oxide (NOx) during incineration/ pretreatment process, etc. 

Catalytic processes (finid catalytic cracking, catalytic hydrocracking, hydro-treating, isomerization, ether manufacture) also create some residuals in the form of spent catalysts and catalyst fines or particulates. The latter are sometimes separated from exiting gases by electrostatic precipitators or filters. These are collected and disposed of in landfills or may be recovered by off-site facilities. The potential for waste generation and hence leakage of emissions is discussed below for individual processes. 

We examined all processes (from raw material extraction, production, and shipping) for succinic acid, 1,4-butanediol, and starch purchased as intermediate materials and examined Bionolle production plant, product distribution, and disposal after use for each of the two Bionolle t3q>es used in this study naphtha-derived neat Bionolle and starch-Bionolle compound. For disposal after use, only carbon emissions from Bionolle after biodegradation were taken into account. Disposal treatment was disregarded because the materials can be placed in landfills without treatment. Carbon from starch was disregarded, since we ignore CO2... 

Bogner and Spokas, 1993) and from biomass burning (e.g., see Hao and Ward, 1993). It should be noted that the emissions in some cases, for example rice fields and landfills, represent the net flux of emission and micro-bially mediated oxidation processes so that both need to be understood in assessing the methane budget (e.g., Reeburgh et al., 1993 Bogner and Spokas, 1993). 

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