Lamin types

The buckling load will be determined for plates with various laminations specially orthotropic, symmetric angle-ply, antisymmetric cross-ply, and antisymmetric angle-ply. The results for the different lamination types will be compared to find the influence of bend-twist coupling and bending-extension coupling. As with the deflection problems in Section 5.3, different simply supported edge boundary conditions will be used in the several problems addressed for convenience of illustration. 

Linker LI is a short stretch of sequence that connects coiled-coil segments 1A and IB. In contrast to these segments, LI lacks both their heptad repeat and their a-helical structure, the only exception being that of the Type V lamins. The length of LI is typically 9-16 residues for Type I chains, 10-14 residues for Type II, 8-11 residues for Type II, 9-10 residues for Type IV, and 9 residues for Type VI. The special case of lamin Type V chains is discussed below. In general, the LI sequences from different chain types show very little similarity to one another over their central regions. However, limited homology does exist at both ends of LI. All LI... 

Desmin, Vimentin, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, and Peripherin (Type III), Neurofilaments and a-Intemexin (Type TV), Lamins (Type V), and Nestin (Type VI)... 

The silicate facies is of a black finely laminated type, consisting mainly of magnetite with up to 15 vol. % grunerite and up to 5% carbonaceous matter. The facies is found in layers up to a few dm thick. Common to the silicate facies is the scarcity of quartz and the complete absence of carbonates. The sulphide facies of Isua consists of up to 60 vol. % sulphides (pyrite, pyrrhotite) together with grunerite or actinolite and magnetite (Appel, 1980) 118). 

In the development of functionally graded materials, there are two approaches. One is to eliminate the boundary of laminated-type composites, thereby eliminating discontinuities in the properties at the boundary. The other option is to make non-uniform distributions of dispersoids in a homogeneous composite, thus creating multiple functions within the material.2 Therefore, continuous variation in composition, microstructure and so on, results in change in properties as a function of position in the component.6... 

Several other archery bow manufacturers have installed catalyst-heat systems for making wood-plastics but little is known about their production. A number of pilot plant operations have been installed in the United States but little of this proprietory information is available. Pilot plant quantities of cutlery handles have been produced for market studies, a laminated type of flooring was produced using a styrene-polyester composite cured in a hot press, parquet flooring using the catalyst-heat system is presently being produced for market studies. Many other small volume items, such as, jewelry, bird calls, transformer cores, etc. are finding their way into the market place. 

Reinforced plastics are usually applied as laminates of several layers. Many variables are important in determining the performance of the finished product. Some of the important ones are orientation of plies of the laminate, type of resin, fiber-resin ratio, type or types of fibers, and orientation of fibers. 

Table 1 CFRP laminate types (all IM7/977-2) and nominal dimensions...

A first comparison of the three specimen types ([0°]24, [0°/90°]6s, and [0790°]i2) is shown in Fig. 4. The load-displacement values used in the analysis are plotted for all specimens tested in one laboratory (testing from the Mode-I pre-crack). Both cross-ply laminates show larger displacements for comparable delamination lengths, much more scatter and somewhat higher but comparable maximum load values compared with the unidirectional lay-up. There is no clear difference between the cross-ply laminate types, except that the symmetric lay-up yields the lowest load values and hence the largest scatter. In the data from the other laboratory, this is reversed, i.e., the non-symmetric lay-up showing the larger scatter. 

Fig. 4 Load-displacement values for the three laminate types tested in one laboratory (light grey symbols [0°]24, black symbols [0790°]6s, dark grey symbols [0790°] u), filled/open symbols indicate specimens with a single/mixed topography of the fracture surface (open symbols are coimected by dashed lines to guide the eye).

The comparison of the different initiation points in the three laminate types (Tables 2-4) raises the question which definition shall be used for initiation in the cross-ply laminates. Since visual initiation (VTS-point) and probably also non-linearity of the load-displacement plot (NL-point) yield values similar to initiation values in the corresponding unidirectional laminate, the maximum load or 5% offset in compliance (MAX/5%-point) seems to reflect the higher delamination resistance of cross-ply compared with unidirectional laminates better. Further analysis of additional data from the 3" round robin may allow a better assessment of this question. 

FIGURE 9.4 Cross section of the laminated-type NOx sensor using a YSZ-based oxidation-catalyst electrode. (From Ono et al., 2004. Solid State Ionics. 175, 503-506, with permission.)... 

Figure 9.4 shows a cross-sectional view of a laminated-type sensor for atmospheric nitrogen oxides based on YSZ, acting as an oxidation-catalyst electrode (Ono et al., 2004). The cell was fabricated by firing YSZ sheet on which the oxidation-catalyst platinum anode and the platinum counterelectrode were screen-printed. The porosity of the electrode is adjusted by adding resin powder into each electrode paste. 

Based on information about various oxides used for the SE in NO sensors given above, the new concept of potentiometric measurement of total NO regardless of the NO2 (NO) ratio in the exhaust gases at high temperatures has been developed recently [24, 34, 35]. In 1999, the ability to measure total NO in exhaust gases by a new zirconia-based laminated-type sensor was reported by Riken Corporation, Japan [34]. Since then, this sensor structure has been modified, and the new total-NOx detection system is shown conceptually in Figure 3.6 [35]. The main functions in this system are as follows ... 

FIGURE 3.7 Cross-sectional view of the laminated-type total-NO sensor attached with oxidation catalyst. (Reprinted from Zhuiykov, S. and Miura, N., Development of zirconia-based potentiometric NO sensors for automotive and energy industries in the early 21st century What are the prospects for sensors Sens. Actuators B, Chem. 121 (2007) 639-651, with permission from Elsevier Science.)... 

FIGURE 3.21 A cross-sectional view of the proposed laminated-type complex impedance-based NOj sensor. (Reprinted from Miura, N., Nakatou, M., and Zhuiykov, S., Development of NOj sensing devices based on YSZ and oxide electrode aiming for monitoring ear exhausts, J. Ceramics Intern. 30 (2004) 1135-1139, with permission from Elsevier Seienee.)... 

RPs are usually applied as laminates of several layers. Many variables are important in determining the performance of the finished product. Some of the important ones are orientation of plies of the laminate, type of plastic, fiber-plastic ratio, type or types of fibers, and directional orientation of fibers (Chapter 7). Nonwoven fabrics are fibrous sheets made without spinning, weaving, or knitting. They include felts, bonded short to long fiber febrics, and papers. The interlocking of fibers is achieved by a combination of mechanical work, chemical action, moisture, and heat by either textile or paper malting processes. 

The results of all fatigue tests are summarized in Table 5.1. They show that there is a strong dependence on the test frequency, independent of the laminate type. At a frequency of 30Hz, even on the lowest maximum stress level, rupture occurs within a few load cycles, with a temperature rise of more than 80 K, which means at more than 100°C. At a frequency of 3 Hz, even at the highest maximum stress level, only a minor temperature increase can be observed, and there is no rupture of the test coupons. 

Fig. 36.5. Structure of the thick-film type proton conductor sensor, (a) planar-type potentio-metric sensor, (b) laminated-type amperometric sensor (reprinted by permission of Elsevier Sequoia S.A.).

Fig. 2.25 Rate performance of laminate-type hthium ion battery composed of LiNiggCo ijAl j gOj cathode and graphite anode...

That is, if some enzymes can be immobilized by the above mentioned method, a composite enzyme-immobilized polymer membrane of the laminate type can be easily prepared as shown in Fig. 22.10, in which Ej, Ej and E3 represent different enzymes. When such a composite enzyme-immobilized polymer membrane is apphed to a chemical reaction and the resulting product is permeated through Ej immobilized layer and becomes a substrate for the next enzyme (Ej) immobilized layer, then the synthesis of materials due to multistage reactions will become possible. For example, a laminated polyion complex membrane in which amylase, maltose and yeast are immobilized in each polyion complex layer, respectively, was applied to the ethanol production using starch as a first substrate. ... 

Composite enzyme-immobilized polymer membrane in laminate-type structure. 

To note, intermediate filaments are cytoskeletal structures that are formed by different members of a family of related, highly conserved proteins (Godsel et al. 2008). Most types of intermediate filaments are located in the cytoplasm. The nuclearly localized intermediate filaments are called lamins. Categorization of intermediate filaments into six groups has been done on the basis of similarities in amino acid sequence and protein structure. Types I and II intermediate filaments are acidic and basic keratins, namely epithelial keratins and trichocytic keratins (e.g., in hair and horns). Type III intermediate filaments are, e.g., vimentin (widely expressed in fibroblasts), Type IV intermediate filaments are, e.g., neurofilaments, type V intermediate filaments are nuclear lamins, type VI intermediate filaments are nestin. A well-known disease resulting from... 

Figure 11-59. Whenever possible with close-tolerance parts, consider the potential of using a laminated type of mold.

Laminate Type Entry Material Backup Materiai Hole Quality... 

Base dielectrics Conductor materials Copper-clad laminates Coverlay Adhesive sheets Polyimide films (Kapton K, E, EN, KJ Apical NP, FP Upilex S) Liquid polyimide resin, PEN film, LCP films Ultra-thin copper foils, sputtered copper, copper alloys, stainless steel foil Adhesiveless laminates (cast type, sputtered/plated type, laminated type) Photoimageable coverlay (PIC) (dry film type, liquid ink type) Hot-melt polyimide film... 

---