Lacrimators irritant effects

Properties Colorless, crystalline mass. Odor resembling apple blossom. M. P. 58-59°. B. P. 245°. Resistant to beat and moisture and does not corrode metals. Soluble in ordinary organic solvents. Very powerful lacrimator, irritating effect equaling that of brombenzylcyanide. 

Experimental exposure of four human subjects to MIC for 1-5 minutes caused the following effects 0.04ppm, no effects 2 ppm, lacrimation, irritation of the nose and throat 4 ppm, symptoms of irritation more marked 21 ppm, unbearable irritation of eyes, nose, and throat. ... 

Blepharsopasm and excessive lacrimation were observed in cats exposed to 36 or 60 mg/m3 DNOC dust for 4 hours (Burkatskaya 1965a). Since these effects were not reported in the cats similarly exposed to a mist of DNOC in solution, they were probably due to an irritating effect of the dust particles on the eyes, rather than to DNOC per se. Furthermore, they were probably due to direct ocular contact (see Section 2.2.3.2). 

This substance has an odor like soured fruit and produces a burning sensation of the mucous membranes and severe irritation and lacrimation of the eyes Tcith acute pain in the forehead. As a lacrimator it is seven times as pow erful as bromacetone. Thus, brombenzyl cyanide can be detected in concentrations as low as 1 100,000,900 (0.000087 mg. per liter) it has an irritating effect on the eyes in concentrations of 0.00015 mg. per liter and it produces lacrimation in concentrations of 0.0003 mg. per liter. A concentration of 0.0008 mg. per liter produces an intolerable irritation, and a concentration of 0.90 mg. per liter is lethal on 30 minutes exposure. It is thus less toxic than phosgene and, owing to its low volatility, toxic concentration cannot be realized in the field. 

The irritant effect of cromoglicate can cause lacrimation and inflammatory changes in the eye. 

Ocular Effects. No studies were located regarding ocular effects in humans after dermal exposure to selenium or selenium compounds. However, older reports on eye contact with selenium or selenium compounds indicate that acute exposure to selenium dioxide caused ocular and conjunctival irritation, and caused severe pain, lacrimation, blurred vision, and dulled corneas upon contact (Middleton 1947). Brief exposure to clouds of selenium fumes resulted in lacrimation, irritation, and redness of the eyes (Clinton 1947). 

Moderately toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption exposure to its vapors can cause lacrimation, irritation of nose and throat, coughing, and respiratory distress in humans irritant effect of diallylamine may be noted at 5-min exposure to 5-ppm concentration ingestion may cause tremor, gastrointestinal disorders, and dyspnea LC50 inhalation (rats) 795 ppm/8 hr LD50 oral (rat) 578 mg/kg (NIOSH 1986)... 

A. Acute irritant effects on the eyes, mucous membranes, and upper respiratory tract are attributed to the added lacrimator chloropicrin. (Lethal exposures can occur without warning if chloropicrin has not been added.) Moderate skin exposure can result in dennatitis and, in severe cases, chemical bums. 

Humans experience a wide range of acute adverse health effects, including irritation, narcosis, asphyxiation, sensitization, blindness, organ system damage, and death. In addition, the severity of many of these effects varies with intensity and duration of e.xposure. For example, exposure to a substance at an intensity that is sufficient to cause only mild throat irritation is of less concern than one that causes severe eye irritation, lacrimation, or dizziness, since the latter effects arc likely to impede escape from the area of contamination. 

CS is disseminated by burning, explosion, and aerosol formation. It is immediately irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract. Warm vapors mix with human sweat to cause a burning sensation to the eyes, nose, and mouth. Conjunctivitis and pain in the eyes, lacrimation, erythema of the eyelids, runny nose, burning throat, coughing, and constricted feeling in the chest are the effects which will... 

In a study by MacEwen et al. (1970) using seven adult human volunteers, 10-min exposure to monomethylhydrazine (90 ppm, or 169 mg/m3) resulted in irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat but did not cause excessive lacrimation or coughing. Clinical chemistry parameters for 60 d following the exposure were not significantly affected a 3-5% increase in Heinz body formation at d 7 declined after 2 w. Additionally, spirometry tests revealed no exposure-related effects. 

Ocular Effects. Inhalation and oral exposure of animals to hexachloroethane caused lacrimation and reddening of the eyes after oral exposure (NTP 1977, 1989), or closing of the eyes as an avoidance mechanism during inhalation exposure (Weeks et al. 1979). Overnight, direct contact of the eyes with crystalline hexachloroethane resulted in corneal opacity and iritis in rabbits, but recovery was complete 3 days later (Weeks et al. 1979). Direct eye contact with hexachloroethane at hazardous waste sites may result in an eye irritation. 

Clinical signs of ocular irritation (lacrimation, hyperemia of the conjunctiva) were observed throughout a 24-week study in rabbits exposed to 3,000 ppm -hexane (Lungarella et al. 1984). These effects were the result of direct contact of -hcxanc vapor with the eye. 

In humans, severe eye irritation occurs at 2 5 ppm and irritation of the nose is moderate at 12.5ppm. In workers exposed to a moderate vapor level there was a syndrome of lacrimation, retrobulbar pain, photophobia, and blurring of vision. The symptoms persisted for up to 48 hours. Skin contact with the liquid has a delayed effect, causing aching that begins several hours after contact, followed by the formation of vesicles. Splashes of the liquid in human eyes have caused moderately severe reactions. ... 

In rats, the LCso for 8 hours was 670 ppm effects were lacrimation, nasal discharge, dyspnea, and narcosis. In rats repeatedly exposed to 600 ppm for 8 hours daily, effects were pronounced irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract more than half of the rats developed corneal opacity at necropsy, after 25 exposures, pulmonary findings were inflammation, bronchiectasis, and bronchopneumonia. ... 

Exposure of rats 7 hours/day, 5 days/week for 6 months at 0.1 ppm caused no effects. Exposure at higher but unstated levels caused poor growth and fatty changes in the liver. In the eyes of rabbits the material caused severe irritation and irreversible corneal damage. The vapor is a lacrimator. On the skin of rabbits it caused slight irritation. 

Exposure of rats to 800 ppm for 15 minutes was fatal, but nearly all survived when exposed for 13 minutes. There was severe inflammation of all exposed mucosal surfaces, resulting in lacrimation, corneal ulceration, and burning of exposed areas of skin. In another study, exposure of rats to 480 ppm for 40 minutes or to 96ppm for 3.7 hours was fatal in the latter group, effects were pulmonary edema and marked irritation of the bronchial mucosa. Chronic exposure of dogs and rats to about Ippm, 6 hours/day for up to 6 months caused severe pulmonary irritation and some deaths. ... 

Chloroacetone was introduced as a war gas in 1914. An airborne level of 605 ppm was found to be lethal for humans after 10 minutes, and 26ppm was intolerable after 1 minute of exposure. Effects of exposure are immediate lacrimation followed by irritation of the upper respiratory tract and a burning sensation on the skin. The odor is pungent and suffocating but is not considered adequate for warning. 

---