L-Type Risk

Assuming a Beta distribution for the occurrence function and a quadratic form for the impact function (Equation 7.9), the final form of the L-type risk function is as follows  

Suppose that the possible value range for x is [a, b], then, let 

Note that, for L-type risks, Xq = b and, i/o = 1- The L-type risk function is then 

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Mathematical expressions for S-type, N-type, and L-type risks can be derived (for a desired a level of confidence) by aggregating the impact function of Section 7.10.1 and the occurrence function of Section 7.10.2. Since Taguchi s loss functions are relatively simple, the aggregation can be done analytically. 

Company A is concerned with five different MtT type risks from its supplier, B. The first and second risks are L-type risks and the corresponding M" values are 540,000 and 390,000. The third and fourth risks are S-type risks and the corresponding M+ values are 760,000 and 560,000. The last one is an N-type risk and the maximum possible loss is 1,200,000. In the worst case, impact to company A caused by supplier B is estimated as 2,500,000. A wants to know the total possible loss at 95% confidence level. 

Obviously, the effects of tamoxifen and derivatives and of raloxifene on L-type calcium channels from aortic and other blood vessels would reduce vascular smooth muscle contractility. This action, in synergy with the aforementioned effect on BK channels, would reduce blood peripheral resistance and blood pressure, which may partially account for the reduction in cardiovascular risk (Da Costa et al. 2004 Trump et al. 1992) (Fig. 4.1). 

In 66 patients who received busulfan in combination with cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and/or cytarabine in preparation for bone marrow transplantation, there was a higher incidence of veno-occlusive disease of the liver (sinusoidal obstruction syndrome) in those who received busulfan + cyclophosphamide (four of 10) than in those who received busulfan + cyclophosphamide + cytarabine (one of 18) or busulfan + cyclophosphamide + etoposide (seven of 38) (24). The risk of veno-occlusive disease was higher in those whose busulfan AUC was over 1500 minute.pmol/l (relative risk = 11). Other pharmacokinetic parameters, age, sex, type of bone marrow transplantation, previous therapy, or pretransplant liver function tests were not predictive of veno-occlusive disease. 

Taguchi s loss functions represent the impact of the risk. Since the risk is a function of both impact and occurrence, we need the occurrence function of the risk event as well. MtT type occurrence function is actually the distribution of the performance measure from historical data and it can be used as the probability function to predict risk in the future. Firms can use past data to fit an appropriate occurrence function, or use some widely adopted distributions such as Ganuna distribution for S-type occurrence function. Beta distribution for L-type occurrence function, and Generalized Hyperbolic distribution for N-type occurrence function. 

Ragia G, Tavridou A, Elens L, Van Schaik RH, Manolopoulos VG (2014) CYP2C9 2 Allele increases risk for hypoglycemia in POR l/ l type 2 diabetic patients treated with sulfonylureas. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 122 60-63... 

Explosive substance or explosive article presenting a special risk needing isolation of each type L... 

Consistent with previous risk studies, the average CDFs reported for BWRs is less than for PWR as shown in Figure 1. l-l. BWR and PWR results are strongly affected by the support system considerations discussed above, but some differences between the two types of plants explain why the average is less for BWRs ... 

Risks were expressed as triplets . The first element of the triplet was found using accident records and a PHA. The databases used were MHIDAS (1992) (>5(XK1 accidents) and ACCIDATA (>1,500 mostly Brazil). The PHA was performed by personnel from REDUC (facility operator) and PRINCIPIA (the PSA vendor). About 170 basic initiating events (raptures of pipes, flanges, valves, spheres, pumps and human actions) were grouped into 12 initiators by equivalent diameter, pressure, flow type and rapture l(x ation. 

McArthur JC (2004) HIV dementia an evolving disease. J Neuroimmunol 157(l-2) 3-10 McArthur JC, Hoover DR, BaceUar H, MUler EN, Cohen BA, Becker JT, Graham NM, McArthur JH, Seines OA, Jacobson LP et al (1993) Dementia in AIDS patients incidence and risk factors. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Neurology 43(ll) 2245-2252 McManus CM, liu JS, Hahn MT, Hua LL, Brosnan CE, Berman JW, Lee SC (2000) Differential induction of chemokines in human microgUa by type I and II interferons. GUa 29(3) 273-280 McQuibban GA, Butler GS, Gong JH, BendaU L, Power C, Clark-Lewis I, OveraU CM (2001) Matrix metaUoproteinase activity inactivates the CXC chemokine stromal ceU-derived factor-1. J Biol Chem 276(47) 43503 3508... 

HERMANSEN K, SONDERGAARD M, HOIE L, CARSTENSEN M and BROCK B (2001) Beneficial effects of a soy-based dietary supplement on lipid levels and cardiovascular risk markers in type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 24 (2) 228-33. 

The risk of gout increases as the serum uric acid concentration increases, and approximately 30% of patients with levels greater than 10 mg/dL (greater than 595 pmol/L) develop symptoms of gout within 5 years. However, most patients with hyperuricemia are asymptomatic. Other risk factors for gout include obesity, ethanol use, and dyslipidemia. Gout is seen frequently in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease, but a causal relationship has not been established. 

Comorbid conditions can increase the risk of anemia substantially. Anemia is especially common in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The incidence of anemia in cancer patients varies based on tumor type and the level of myelo-suppression the chemotherapy regimen causes. For instance, serious anemia [hemoglobin 7.9 g/dL or less (79 g/L or 4.9 mmol/L)] occurs in at least 75% of patients who receive a common chemotherapy regimen for lymphoma, but serious anemia may occur in only approximately 10% of patients who receive common chemotherapy regimens for... 

The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) recommends an anemia work-up for patients with hemoglobin of less than 11 g/dL (110 g/L or 6.8 mmol/L). Patients who are symptomatic or asymptomatic with significant risk factors (e.g., extensive transfusion history, myelosuppressive chemotherapy, etc) may qualify for treatment with erythropoietic agents such as epoetin-alfa or darbepoetin. Data do not support the use of one agent over another they are both equally effective in treating this type of anemia.12 Table 63-4 provides dosing recommendations for chemotherapy-related anemia. 

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