Knowles cell

At present about 77% of the industrial hydrogen produced is from petrochemicals, 18% from coal, 4% by electrolysis of aqueous solutions and at most 1% from other sources. Thus, hydrogen is produced as a byproduct of the brine electrolysis process for the manufacture of chlorine and sodium hydroxide (p. 798). The ratio of H2 Cl2 NaOH is, of course, fixed by stoichiometry and this is an economic determinant since bulk transport of the byproduct hydrogen is expensive. To illustrate the scde of the problem the total world chlorine production capacity is about 38 million tonnes per year which corresponds to 105000 toimes of hydrogen (1.3 x I0 m ). Plants designed specifically for the electrolytic manufacture of hydrogen as the main product, use steel cells and aqueous potassium hydroxide as electrolyte. The cells may be operated at atmospheric pressure (Knowles cells) or at 30 atm (Lonza cells). 

The first major installation of water electrolysers was constructed in 1912 in Port Sunlight, England. It contained 200 Knowles cells that could consume 1.5 MW of power at 3.5 kA. Some of these Knowles cells have been in operation for sixty years. They were simple in design and maintenance. These tank electrolysers... 

Ince JE, CJ Knowles (1986) Ethylene formation by cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli. Arch Microbiol 146 151-158. 

Darley-Usmar, V.M., Lelchuk, R., O Leary, V.J., Knowles, M., Refers, M.V. and Severn, A. (1990). Oxidation of low density lipwprotein and macrophage derived ftram cells. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 18, 1064-1066. 

Berezovska, O., Bacskai, B. J. and Hyman, B. T. (2003). Monitoring proteins in intact cells. Sci. Aging Knowl. Environ. 2003, PE14. 

R. Wu, J. Yankaskas, E. Cheng, M. R. Knowles, and R. Boucher. Growth and differentiation of human nasal epithelial cells in culture. Serum-free, hormone-supplemented medium and proteoglycan synthesis. Am Rev Respir Dis 132 311— 320 (1985). 

Stutts MJ, Cotton CU, Yankaskas JR, Cheng E, Knowles MR, Gatzy JT, Boucher RC (1985) Chloride uptake into cultured airway epithelial cells from cystic fibrosis patients and normal individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82(19) 6677-6681. 

Knowles, S.E., and Ballard, F.J. (1976). Selective control of the degradation of normal and aberrant proteins in Reuber H35 hepatoma cells. Biochem J. 156, 609-617. 

H.W. Kim, J.C. Knowles, L.H. Li, H.E. Kim, Mechanical performance and osteoblastlike cell responses of fluorine-susbtituted hydroxyapatite and zirconia dense composite, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 72 (2005) 258-268. 

Cammarato A, Dambacher CM, Knowles AE, et al. (2008) Myosin transducer mutations differentially affect motor function, myofibril structure, and the performance of skeletal and cardiac muscles. Mol Biol Cell 19, 553-62. 

Although the pathway of Eq. (1) is now based on much evidence (Section 111) and is unambiguous in the case of at least one bacterium [Pseudomonas stutzeri strain Zobell (f. sp. P. perfectomarina)], there have been alternative hypothesis. One hypothesis, advanced by the Hollocher group (Garber and Hollocher, 1981 St. John and Hollocher, 1977), considered NO as a likely intermediate, but one that remained at least partly enzyme-bound and was not entirely free to diffuse. This view was based on the outcome of certain kinetic and isotope experiments which can be summarized as follows. When denitrifying bacteria were challenged simultaneously with [ N]nitrite and ordinary NO, the cells reduced both compounds concomitantly to N2 (or to N2O in the presence of acetylene which is a specific inhibitor (Balderston et al., 1976 Yoshinari and Knowles, 1976) of nitrous oxide reductase). In the process, little NO was generally detected in the gas phase pool of NO and there was relatively little isotopically mixed N2O formed. That is, most of the N and N reduced to NjO appeared as N2O... 

Fitzgerald DJ, Knowles SE, Ballard FJ, Murray AW Rapid and reversible inhibition of junctional communication by tumor promotors in a mouse cell line. Cancer Res 1983 43 3614-3618. 

Zannis VI, Breslow JL, SanGiacomo TR, Aden DP, Knowles BB. Characterization of the major apolipoproteins secreted by two human hepatoma cell lines. Biochemistry. 1981, 20 7089-7096. 

CIO. Chadburn, A., and Knowles, D. M., Paraffin-resistant antigens detectable by antibodies L26 and polyclonal CD3 predict the B- or T-cell lineage of 95% of diffuse aggressive non-Hodgkin s lymphomas. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 102, 284-291 (1994). 

E2. Ely, S. A., and Knowles, D. M., Expression of CD56/neural cell adhesion molecule correlates with the presence of lytic bone lesions in multiple myeloma and distinguishes myeloma from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and lymphomas with plasmacytoid differentiation. Am. J. Pathol. 160, 1293—1299 (2002). 

G8. Grogran, T. M., and Spier, C. M., B-cell immunoproliferative disorders, including multiple myeloma and amyloidosis. In Neoplastic Hematopathology (D. M. Knowles, ed.), pp. 1557-1587. Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 2001. 

K15. Knowles, D. M., Lymphoid cell markers Their distribution and usefulness in the immunophe-notypic analyses of lymphoid neoplasms. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 9(Suppl.), 85-108 (1985). 

K20. Knowles, D. M., 2nd. The human T-cell leukemias Clinical, cytomorphologic, immunophenotypic, and genotypic characteristics. Hum. Pathol. 17, 14—33 (1986). 

M14. Matolcsy, A., Inghirami, G., and Knowles, D. M., Molecular genetic demonstration of the diverse evolution of Richter s syndrome (chronic lymphocytic leukemia and subsequent large cell lymphoma). Blood 83, 1363—1372 (1994). 

Kravchenko J, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ, Powell T, et al. Endothelial progenitor cell therapy for atherosclerosis the philosopher s stone for an aging population Sci Aging Knowl Environ 2005 2005 18. 

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