Knowledge-development process

This form of implanned manual operation is unsatisfactory on a number of counts. The fact that the operator may normally be insulated from the process by the automatic control systems means that he or she will probably not be able to develop the knowledge of process dynamics ("process feel") necessary to control the system manually, particularly in extreme conditions. Also, the fact that manual control was not "designed into" the systems at the outset may mean that the display of process information and the facilities for direct control are inadequate. A number of techniques are available to assist designers in the allocation of function process. Some of these are described in Meister (1985). In a paper entitled "Ironies of Automation" Bainbridge (1987) notes four areas where the changed role of the human in relation to an automated system can lead to potential problems. These will be discussed below. 

In the meantime another development had decisively altered the outset situation plastics had been discovered and synthesized, among them also some acid-stable ones such as phenol-formaldehyde resin or poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). These opened up new possibilities cellulose papers could be impregnated with phenol-formaldehyde resin solution and thus rendered sufficiently acid-stable, and sintered sheets from PVC powder were developed. Independent separators producers were founded, combining knowledge of the chemical industry with experience of the battery industry and thus accelerating the development process. 

There ate vagne parallels between the processes in knowledge development in science edncation and in the histoty of science, althongh the mental processes involved ate qnite nnknown. 

After the knowledge domain, the end users and the experts have been defined, a choice must be made for the software environment for the development of the expert system. In addition, the hardware for the development process as well as for the delivery system must be identified. Real application expert systems always require at least a mid-sized tool (see Section 43.7). 

In practice, there may not be sufficient operating experience and resultant data to develop a numeric-symbolic interpreter that can map with certainty to the labels of interest, Cl. Under these circumstances, if sufficient knowledge of process behaviors exists, it is possible to construct a KBS in place of available operating data. But the KBS maps symbolic forms of input data into the symbolic labels of interest and is therefore not sufficient in itself. A KBS depends on intermediate interpretations, ft, that can be generated with certainty from a numeric-symbolic mapper. This is shown in Fig. 4. In these cases, the burden of interpretation becomes distributed between the numeric-symbolic and symbolic-symbolic interpreters. Figure 4 retains the value of input mapping to preprocess data for the numeric-symbolic interpreter. 

Shells greatly simplify the programming of an ES, but they do not directly diminish the effort required in knowledge acquisition, which is the key task in its development. During the knowledge acquisition process, the relevant information is collated so that it can be inserted into the ES. This process obviously requires a human expert and, in addition, frequently needs the... 

It is not clear how the immense base of knowledge generated under the various rubrics of genomics will ultimately be utilized to improve drug safety and the drug development process. What is clear, however, is that it will be some years before such studies displace the current paradigm of testing. 

For the practical implementation of this task, it is necessary to evaluate the intervention (in this case substance release) per se and in its own context (contextu-alisation). It is necessary to develop process types to evaluate the two conditions knowledge and lack of knowledge (proceduralisation). A time limit for validation must be set in each case (temporalisation). The questions, methods and processes must be examined regularly (reflexive method). 

The present study is only the first step in employing these RRA methods for problems of interest in propulsion. Methane has been considered to be the fuel because it is the simplest hydrocarbon example. Future work should now use the approach developed here to address other hydrocarbon fuels of greater practical interest for propulsion. The knowledge developed in the present study enables this extension to be performed. The RRA methods, in general, appear to hold great promise for future calculations of contaminant production in combustion processes. 

The firm s scientific base, and the knowledge capital acquired by that base, they contend, dominates any simple economies of either scope or scale in determining the success or outcomes of a firm s research and development process. Scope and scale by themselves are less important than the knowledge capital accumulated by the firm. 

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