Know-how production

Such activites in this country are usually resisted by the proponents of R D for a very simple reason firms that support R D are usually firms that do not need this information. But the 3 or 4 million other firms who manufacture parts, forgings, castings, and the like who do usually need that information cannot afford to obtain it independently. The Commerce Department makes an assessment every year or so of the productivity of firms in each of several industries. In general the productivity of the most productive firms in an industry is two or three times greater than the less productive firms in the same industry. The ratio of the productivity to the firms in the upper decile of productivity is usually two and a half to three times the productivity of the firms in the lower decile of productivity. The point is that if we simply worked as well as we know how, productivity in this country should increase on the order of 50 to 100 percent. Any of you who have been in relatively small firms that supply big companies of this country will recognize the practices that were well knowiten, twenty or thirty years ago are not in practice in some of those firms today. 

What must be gained next, and eventually concisely expressed, is an overall appreciation of the entire production process, from the arrival of raw materials to the departure of the finished product. Some plants have a wall plan or even a scale model to assist in this others are so small that a few brief remarks are enough. This is not just an academic exercise, since you may be much better able to advise on redeployment of employees with dermatitis and identify previously unsuspected irritants and allergens if you have such a total conception of the plant. Clearly, it may also be of considerable general interest simply to know how products are made indeed, if that interest is not there, you may not be in quite the right line of work. 

It Is important to know how much each well produces or injects in order to identify productivity or injectivity changes in the wells, the cause of which may then be investigated. Also, for reservoir management purposes (Section 14.0) it is necessary to understand the distribution of volumes of fluids produced from and injected into the field. This data is input to the reservoir simulation model, and is used to check whether the actual performance agrees with the prediction, and to update the historical data in the model. Where actual and predicted results do not agree, an explanation is sought, and may lead to an adjustment of the model (e.g. re-defining pressure boundaries, or volumes of fluid in place). 

In addition to fluid properties it is important to know how volumes and rates w change at the wellhead over the life of the well or field. Production profiles are required for oil, water and gas in order to size facilities, and estimates of wellhead temperatures and pressures (over time) are used to determine how the character of the production stream will change. If reservoir pressure support is planned, details of injected water or gas which may ultimately appear in the well stream are required. 

Synthesis Control will be needed in the condensation as the ketone C is more reacfiye than the acid D both in enolisation and electrophilic power. The Reformatsky looks a good method. Again we don t know how this commercial product is actually made ... 

Management and Employee Cooperation. Before beginning to collect data, the cooperation of the managers involved, including the first line supervisor, and of the workers should be secured. Management needs to be informed so that they can be confident that surveillance activities will not upset production or lead to injuries. Workers need to know what the valuation means to them and how the results are to be reported. Everyone needs to know how the measurement is to be conducted so that the actual measurement causes as Htde dismption as possible. 

In reaction engineering, laboratory catal54ic reactors are tools or instruments to study how catalysts behave in some desired reaction. Quantitatively, the investigator wants to know how much of the desired product can be made per unit weight of catalyst, how much raw material will be used, and what byproducts will be made. This is the basic information needed to estimate the costs and profitability of the process. The economic consequence of our estimates also forces us to clarify what the rate limiting steps are, and how much transfer processes influence the rates, i.e., everything that is needed for a secure scale-up. Making the... 

If a catalyst is tested for commercial use, it is also important to know under production conditions how much rates are influenced by various transfer processes. Recycle reactors can execute all these tests and give information on transfer influences. In advanced research projects it is enough to know the transfer interaction during the study so that physical processes are not misinterpreted as chemical phenomena. 

The low molar ratio of the final UF-resin is adjusted by the addition of the so-called second urea, which might also be added in several steps [16-18]. Particular care and know-how are needed during this acid condensation step in order to produce resins of good performance, especially at the very low molar ratios usually in use today in the production of particleboard and MDF. This last reaction step generally also includes the vacuum distillation of the resin solution to the usual 63-66% solid content syrup in which form the resin is delivered. The distillation is performed in the manufacturing reactor itself or in a thin layer evaporator. Industrial preparation procedures are usually proprietary and are described in the literature in only a few cases [17-19]. 

A chemist who carries out a reaction in the laboratory needs to know how much product can be obtained from a given amount of starting materials (reactants). To do this, he or she starts by writing a balanced chemical equation. 

These reactions release heat, and our mechanical engineer wishes to know how much. Again, we might help by measuring these amounts of heat and adding the information to reactions (2) and (3). Since heat is produced by the reaction (as is a chemical product), we should place it on the right side of the equation. Experiments show ... 

The solubility product is learned from measurements of the solubility. In turn, it can be used as a basis for calculations of solubility. Suppose we wish to know how much cuprous chloride, CuCl, will dissolve in one liter of water. We begin by writing the balanced equation for the reaction ... 

The production process is comparatively simple, even though — of course — the respective know-how is also decisive. The equipment for the production of sintered PVC separators is suitable in size and production capacity to be operated on its own by individual, medium-sized, starter battery plants, in contrast to the far larger units required for the production of polyethylene pocket material. 

Metallizing Unit cost moderate to high Labor cost moderate to high Investment high Limited Somewhat restricted Critical Good durability Requires special technological know-how Wet and dry process, no tool contact with product. Produces bright metallics. 

Sometimes we need to know how much product to expect from a reaction, or how much reactant we need to make a desired amount of product. The quantitative aspect of chemical reactions is the part of chemistry called reaction stoichiometry. The key to reaction stoichiometry is the balanced chemical equation. Recall from Section H that a stoichiometric coefficient in a chemical equation tells us the relative amount (number of moles) of a substance that reacts or is produced. Thus, the stoichiometric coefficients in... 

Computer/control system experts who know how to implement an actual control scheme after a functional specification has been developed in cooperation with process and production experts. 

So we should be able to recognize that we know how to make dibromides from double bonds. We draw the alkene that would have been used to form the product ... 

Suppose we perform an organic synthesis in a batch reactor where the desired molecule is the intermediate and not the end product. It is then very important that we know how long we should let the reaction run to obtain the highest yield of the intermediate. Setting the differential d[I]/dt in Eq. (99) equal to zero and substituting Eq. (102) into Eq. (99) we find the time, at which the maximum is reached - and by inserting Wx in Eq. (102) the corresponding optimal concentration of the intermediate ... 

---