Kinin

Ile-Ser-BK), is a BK analogue found only ia rats. BK, kaUidin, and T-kinin have similar pharmacological properties. 

In addition to being involved in the formation of urine, the kidney acts as an endocrine organ secreting renin, erythropoietin, prostaglandins (qv), and kinins it is also capable of synthesizing substances such as la,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [32222-06-3] One of the principal functions of the... 

In addition to inhibitory chemicals which enter the plant from the external environment, many endogenous inhibitors appear to function as regulators of seed germination and plant growth and development. The interrelationships between endogenous inhibitors and growth promoters such as the auxins, gibberellins, and kinins remain to be elucidated. 

Relatively few sites of growth-modifying or growth-inhibitory action have been identified at the cellular and molecular level. Consequently, the exact action of, and relationships between, auxins, gib-berellins, kinins, and growth inhibitors remain to be elucidated. 

Because renal vasodilatation and hyperfiltration are often associated with a natriuretic response, a number of activators or inhibitors of endogenous vasoactive systems can cause increased NaCl excretion, and some of these may be developed into compounds of clinical interest in special situations. Such agents include natriuretic pqDtides most notably B-type natriuretic peptide (nesiritide), neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors (thiorphan, phosphoramidon), mixed NEP and ACE inhibitors (omapatrilat), guanylin and uroguanylin, kinins, prostaglandins of the E series, adrenomedullin, relaxin, prolactin, and others. 

Bradykinin Kallidin (lysyl-bradykinin) desArg9-bradykinin desAig10-kallidin (Lys°, desArg9-bradykinin) T-kinin (Ile-Ser-bradykinin)... 

Kinins are a group of peptide hormones of 8-11 residues that act locally as proinflammatory agents, often through the release of powerful downstream effectors such as nitric oxide and/or prostaglandins. 

In humans as well as in other but not all mammalian species, kininogens are modified by posttranslational hydroxylation of a single proline residue of their kinin sequence, i.e. position 3 in bradykinin or position 4 in kallidin. Hydroxylation appears not to affect the specificity, affinity or intrinsic efficacy of the kinins. 

The quantification of kinins in human tissues or body fluids has been limited due to the inherent difficulties in accurately measuring the concentration of ephemeral peptides. Today HPLC-based and RIA/capture-ELA measurements are established to determine kinins in human plasma, liquor or mine. Serine protease inhibitors need to be added to prevent rapid degradation of the kinins in vitro during sample preparation. Kinins and their degradation products have been studied in various biological milieus such as plasma/ serum, urine, joint fluids, kidney, lung and skeletal muscle [2]. Under normal conditions, the concentration of kinins in these compartments is extremely low for... 

Kinins. Figure 1 Scheme of kin in liberation, turnover and action. 

Kinins. Table 1 Enzymes involved in the generation and degradation of kinins... 

Substrate Processing enzyme Major Product Kinin receptor... 

B2 knockout embryos subjected to salt stress in utero show suppressed renin expression and an abnormal kidney phenotype and develop early postnatal hypertension. Consistently, although basal bradykinin formation is defective tissue kallikrein-null mice have normal blood pressure however suffer from cardiovascular abnormalities. However suggesting a function of kinin signaling during development. 

In rare cases of a systemic release, kinins have the potential to cause severe hypotension. Uncontrolled activation of the contact system (Fig. 3) is thought to trigger a massive formation of kinins under certain pathological conditions [3]. For instance, this situation is seen in patients with underlying diseases such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) due to sepsis or trauma. SIRS progression is accompanied by depletion of contact system factors and low levels of H-kininogen and plasma kallikrein are indicative of a... 

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