Salt stress

Titanium does not stress-crack in environments that cause stress-cracking in other metal alloys, eg, boiling 42% MgCl2, NaOH, sulfides, etc. Some of the aluminum-rich titanium alloys are susceptible to hot-salt stress-cracking. However, this is a laboratory observation and has not been confirmed in service. Titanium stress-cracks in methanol containing acid chlorides or sulfates, red Aiming nitric acid, nitrogen tetroxide, and trichloroethylene. 

B2 knockout embryos subjected to salt stress in utero show suppressed renin expression and an abnormal kidney phenotype and develop early postnatal hypertension. Consistently, although basal bradykinin formation is defective tissue kallikrein-null mice have normal blood pressure however suffer from cardiovascular abnormalities. However suggesting a function of kinin signaling during development. 

Ben-Zioni, A., Itai, C. Vaadia, Y. (1967). Water and salt stresses, kinetin and protein synthesis in tobacco leaves. Plant Physiology, 42, 361-5. 

Downton, W.J.S., Grant, J.R. Robinson, S.P. (1985). Photosynthetic and stomatal response of spinach leaves to salt stress. Plant Physiology, 77, 85-8. 

Ericson, M. Alfinito, S.H. (1984). Proteins produced during salt stress in tobacco cell culture. Plant Physiology, 74, 506-9. 

Ostrem, J.A., Olson, S.W., Schmitt, J.M. Bohnert, H.J. (1987). Salt stress increases the level of translatable mRNA for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. Plant Physiology, 84,1270-5. 

A number of chapters in this volume (especially Chapters 5 and 6) provide a more thorough discussion of osmotic adjustment by intact plants and tissues in response to environmental stress and the role of osmotically active solutes in this response. The following section focuses on the role of organic osmotica in the response of plant cells to salt stress. Cultured plant cells offer the opportunity to evaluate the effect of both internally synthesised and externally administered organic osmotica. 

A frequently observed response of plant cells exposed to saline stress is the accumulation of proline. Two cell lines of tobacco, one resistant and the other sensitive to growth inhibition by NaCl, accumulated proline when exposed to 1.5% w/v NaCl in the growth media (Dix Pearce, 1981). The NaCl sensitive line accumulated proline more rapidly than did the resistant line, though the levels accumulated were not adequate to provide osmotic protection against salt stress. The authors suggested that proline accumulation may have a protective role other than osmoregulation and may be symptomatic of stress injury, the nature of which was not discussed. 

One of the metabolic responses of plants exposed to environmental stress is the production of proteins which may be qualitatively and/or quantitatively different from those produced in the absence of the stress (see Chapter 9 for general discussion). In some cases these responses have been found to depend on genotype for example, when a salt-tolerant cultivar and a salt-sensitive cultivar of barley were exposed to salt stress the shoot tissue responded by synthesising proteins which were cultivar specific. Five new proteins not found in the salt-sensitive barley were identified in the salt-tolerant cultivar (Ramagopal, 1987). No differences in proteins were found in the roots of either cultivar. 

Singh and co-workers (19876) found that tobacco cells selected to tolerate 500 mM NaCl when exposed to salt stress responded by synthesising... 

Miller, G. et al.. Responsive modes of Medicago sativa proline dehydrogenase genes during salt stress and recovery dictate free proline accumulation, Planta, 222, 70, 2005. 

Fulda, S., S. Mikkat, F. Huang et al. (2006). Proteome analysis of salt stress response in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. Proteomics 6(9) 2733-2745. 

Kanesaki, Y., I. Suzuki, S. I. Allakverdiev, K. Mikami, and N. Murata (2002). Salt stress and hyperosmotic stress regulate the expression of different sets of genes in Synechocystis sp PCC6803. Biochem Biophys... 

Seed invigoration Dormancy management Drought resistance Flood resistance Increases yield Low temperature resistance Salt stress resistance Farooq et al. (2009a, b)... 

Harinasut, M. Nomura, T. H. Takabe, and T. T. Takabe. Distribution of HV041 glycinebetaine in old and young leaf blades of salt-stressed barley plants. 

Kerepesi I, Galiba G. 2000. Osmotic and salt stress-induced alteration in soluble carbohydrate content in wheat seedlings. Crop Sci 40 482—487. 

Aside from PEPCase, a number of other CAM-related genes have been partially characterised (Table 1). These include cDNA clones for pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK), a specific NADP malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GaPDH) and NADP-dependent malic enzyme (MOD). Previous studies indicated that the enzymatic activities of these gene products increased upon salt stress in the ice plant (Holtum Winter, 1982). As in the case... 

Bohnert, H.J., Cushman, J.C., Meyer, G. Ostrem, J.A. (1989). Changes in gene expression in response to salt stress. In Plant Water Relations and Growth under Stress, ed. M. Tazawa, pp. 143-50. New York MYU K.K. Press. 

Cushman, J.C., DeRocher, E.J. Bohnert, H.J. (1990a). Gene expression during adaptation to salt stress. In Environmental Injury to Plants, ed. F.R. Katterman, pp. 173-203. New York Academic Press. 

Cushman, J.C., Michalowski, C.B. Bohnert, H.J. (19906). Developmental control of crassulacean acid metabolism inducibility by salt stress in the common ice plant. Plant Physiology 94, 1137-42. 

McElwain, E.F., Bohnert, H.J. Thomas, J.C. (1991). Endogenous ABA levels and the CAM response in M. crystallinum during salt stress. Plant Physiology 96S, 17. 

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