Novel Kidney Tissue Injury Biomarkers

4 Urinary al-Microglobulin (AIM) The low molecular weight protein (27-33 kDa), AIM is produced by the liver, filtered by the glomerulus, and reabsorbed by the proximal tubule where it is catabolized , and in the urine, increased concentrations are associated with a variety of conditions that cause reduced tubular function (Vaidya et al., 2008 Fuchs et al., 2012). 

More recently, kidney tissue injury biomarkers including urinary NAG, a-GST, calbindin D28, RPA-1, and other constituents of renal tubule epithelial cell brush border membranes and cytoplasm are used for the evaluation of drug-induced direct kidney tissue damage (de Geus et al., 2012 Peres et al., 2013 Charlton et al., 2014). Injured tubule epithelial cells release their membrane and cytoplasmic 

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