Kallikreins tissue expression

Tissue Expression and Cellular Localization of the Kallikrein Genes. 28... 

Many kallikreins are transcribed predominantly in only a few tissues, as indicated by Northern blotting. By using the more sensitive reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR technique, kallikreins were found to be expressed at lower amounts in several other tissues. Many kallikreins are expressed in the salivary gland—the tissue in which most of the rodent kallikreins are expressed. In addition, several kallikreins were also found in the central nervous system and endocrine-related tissues such as the prostate, breast, and testis. A more detailed review of the expression of kallikreins in different tissues by various techniques can be found elsewhere [44], A global view of kallikrein expression in 36 different tissues, as determined by RT-PCR, is presented in Fig. 2. 

Petraki CD, Karavana VN, Luo L-Y, Diamandis EP. Human kallikrein 10 expression in normal tissues by immmunohistochemistry. J Histochem Cytochem 2002 50 1247-1261. 

Yousef GM, Diamandis EP. The new kallikrein-like gene, KLK-L2. Molecular characterization, mapping, tissue expression, and hormonal regulation. J Biol Chem 1999 274 37511-37516. 

B2 knockout embryos subjected to salt stress in utero show suppressed renin expression and an abnormal kidney phenotype and develop early postnatal hypertension. Consistently, although basal bradykinin formation is defective tissue kallikrein-null mice have normal blood pressure however suffer from cardiovascular abnormalities. However suggesting a function of kinin signaling during development. 

Mastomys is an African rodent that is intermediate in size and that has physical characteristics between the mouse and rat. It has been studied because of the presence of an androgen-responsive prostate in the female. Fahnestock reported the cloning of cDNAs from Mastomys. Two of these cDNAs were expressed in the kidney as well as the submandibular gland, and one is hypothesized to code for a true tissue kallikrein [22]. A third kallikrein was found only in the submandibular gland. DNA sequence analysis and hybridization studies demonstrate that Mastomys represents an interesting hybrid between mouse and rat [22],... 

Fig. 2. Expression map of human tissue kallikreins in a variety of tissues, as determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The relative semiquantitative expression levels for each gene are indicated.

In malignancy, glandular epithelia constitute the main kallikrein immunoex-pression sites, and staining of their secretions indicating that these proteases are secreted. Similar to the IE pattern in normal glandular tissues, all hKs are expressed in adenocarcinomas. In the future, it is clearly worthwhile to study the relation of the IE of all hKs with prognosis of several malignancies and to correlate these results with those obtained by other methods. 

Fifth, certain kallikreins, such as human kallikrein 6, are highly expressed in the central nervous system. It has previously been shown that hK6, and possibly some other kallikreins, are implicated in inflammatory reactions within the central nervous system that lead to demyelination. The association of hK6 and some other kallikreins with AD and multiple sclerosis points to the possibility that some of these enzymes may play important roles within the central nervous system. In addition, many of these enzymes have been found in endocrine tissues such as the islets of Langerhans, thyroid, pituitary, and others, pointing to the possibility that they may participate in prohormone or hormone processing. 

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Clements J, Hooper J, Dong Y, Harvey T. The expanded human kallikrein (KLK) gene family Genomic organisation, tissue-specific expression and potential functions. Biol... 

Chan H, Springman EB, Clark JM. Expression and characterization of human tissue kallikrein variants. Protein Expr Purif 1998 12 361-370. 

Petraki CD, Karavana VN, Skoufogiannis PT, et al. The spectrum of human kallikrein 6 (zyme/protease M/neurosin) expression in human tissues as assessed by immunohisto-chemistry. J Histochem Cytochem 2001 49 1431-1441. 

Komatsu N, Takata M, Takehara K, Ohtsuki N. Kallikrein family The expression, the localization and the role in skin tissue. J Dermatol Sci 2002 139. 

Komatsu N, Takata M, Otsuki N, et al. Expression and localization of tissue kallikrein mRNAs in human epidermis and appendages. J Invest Dermatol 2003 121 542-549. 

Luo LY, Diamandis EP, Look MP, Soosaipillai AP, Foekens JA. Higher expression of human kallikrein 10 in breast cancer tissue predicts tamoxifen resistance. Br J Cancer... 

Yousef GM, Obiezu CV, Jung K, Stephan C, Scorilas A, Diamandis EP. Differential expression of Kallikrein gene 5 in cancerous and normal testicular tissues. Urology 2002 60 714-718. 

Matsui H, Takahashi T. Mouse testicular leydig cells express klk21, a tissue kallikrein that cleaves fibronectin and igf-binding protein-3. Endocrinology 2001 142 4918-4929. 

Plendl J, Snyman C, Naidoo S, Sawant S, Mahabeer R, Bhoola KD. Expression of tissue kallikrein and kinin receptors in angiogenic microvascular endothelial cells. Biol Chem 2000 381 1103-1115. 

Rae F, Buhner B, Nicol D, Clements J. The human tissue kallikreins (KLKs 1-3) and a novel KLK1 mRNA transcript are expressed in a renal cell carcinoma cDNA library. Immunopharmacology 1999 45 83-88. 

Yousef GM, Stephan C, Scorilas A, et al. Differential expression of the human kallikrein gene 14 (KLK14) in normal and cancerous prostatic tissues. Prostate 2003 56 287-292. 

Stephan C, Yousef GM, Scorilas A, et al. Quantitative analysis of kallikrein 15 gene expression in prostate tissue. J Urol 2003 169 361-364. 

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