Kaiser function

From the various types of envelopes for windowing available. Phase Vocoder normally employs either the Hamming function or the Kaiser function. Both functions have a bell-like shape. One may provide better analysis results than the other, depending upon the nature of the sound analysed and the kind of result expected. 

FIGURE 6.14 (a) Principle of SBCD, elution with five interstitial volumes on 4-cm distance (5x4 cm) is faster than single development on 20-cm distance (thick line), (b) Rp values of sample components plotted as a function of modifier concentration. Optimal concentration (Y) for SBCD (5x4 cm) is lower than for development on the full distance of 20 cm (X). (Modified from Soczewinski, E., Chromatographic Methods Planar Chromatography, Vol. 1, Ed., Kaiser R.E., Dr. Alfred Huetig Verlag, Heidelberg, Basel, New York, 1986, pp. 79-117.)... 

In analytical practice, they are best recognized by the determination of xtest as a function of the true value xtrue, and thus, by analysis of certified reference materials (CRMs). If such standards are not available the use of an independent analytical method or a balancing study may provide information on systematic errors (Doerffel et al. [1994] Kaiser [1971]). In simple cases, it may be possible, to estimate the parameters a, / , and y, in Eq. (4.5) by eliminating the unknown true value through appropriate variation of the weight of the test portions or standard additions to the test sample. But in the framework of quality assurance, the use of reference materials is indispensable for validation of analytical methods. 

Fig. 7.8. Schematic three-dimensional representation of a calibration straight line of the form y = a + bx with the limits of its two-sided confidence interval and three probability density function (pdf) p(y) of measured values y belonging to the analytical values (contents, concentrations) X(A) = 0 (A), x = x(B) (B) and X(q = ld (C) yc is the critical value of the measurement quantity a the intercept of the calibration function yBL the blank x(B) the analytical value belonging to the critical value yc (which corresponds approximately to Kaiser s a3cr-limit ) xLD limit of detection... 

As can be seen from the distribution function B in Fig. 7.8, an analytical value Xacv produces only in 50% of all cases signals y > yc. Whereas the error of the first kind (classifying a blank erroneously as real measurement value) by the choice of k = 2... 3 can be aimed at a 0.05, the error of the second kind (classifying a real measured value erroneously as blank) amounts /) 0.5. Therefore, this analytical value -which sometimes, promoted by the early publications of Kaiser [1965, 1966], plays a certain role in analytical detection - do not have any significance as a reporting limit in case of y < yc, when no relevant signal have been found. For this purpose, the limit of detection, Xio, has to be used. 

Kaiser, K.L.E. (1983) A non-linear function for the calculation of partition coefficients of aromatic compounds with multiple chlorine substitution. Chemosphere 12, 1159-1165. 

Kaiser, K.L.E. and I. Valdmanis. 1982. Apparent octanol/water partition coefficients of pentachlorophenol as a function of pH. Canad. Jour. Chem. 60 2104-2106. 

The Nishino studies represented the first attempt to incorporate flavin functionality into a synthetic and structured polypeptide motif. As with the Kaiser systems, it is possible that the observed rate enhancements are a result of the association of the hydrophobic substrates with the hydrophobic core of the bundles. The use of SDS to increase accessibility to the flavin would seem to support this. However, it is also possible that the placement of the flavin into the hydrophobic core has decreased its reduction potential and that the SDS interacts with the bundle to create a slightly more hydrophilic environment for the flavin while preserving some of the hydrophobicity for substrate binding. 

Slama JT, Radziejewski C, Oruganti S, Kaiser ET (1984) J Am Chem Soc 106 6778 Mihara H, Tomizaki K,Nishino N, Eujimoto T (1993) Chem Lett 9 1533 Nishino N, Tsunekawa Y, Aral T, Eujimoto T (1995) Synthesis of a catalytic molten globule with flavin function. In Nishi N (ed) Peptide chemistry. Protein Research Eoundation, Osaka, p 485... 

Among the electrophilic handles proposed for head-to-tail and side-chain-to-tail cyclization of peptides on solid support by intrachain aminolysis with concurrent detachment of the product from the resin in the protected form (see Section 6.8.3.1.3), generally the oxime resin (also called Kaiser resin)1364 365 and a thioester resin[363l are recommended (see Scheme 14). In addition to the classical head-to-tail cyclization,[3431 the oxime resin is used for side-chain cyclizations as well as for the synthesis of multicyclic peptides vide infra). Due to its dual functions, the oxime resin can be employed only with Boc/Bzl chemistry it is not compatible with Fmoc/tBu chemistry where the basic N -deprotection leads to free amino groups and thus to premature cyclization reactions. To avoid this premature cleavage of the... 

Lipworth BJ, Kaliner MA, LaForce CF, Baker JW, Kaiser HB, Amin D, Kundu S, Williams JE, Engelstaetter R, Banerji DD. Effect of ciclesonide and fluticasone on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in adults with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005 94 465-72. 

Functional group Kaiser TNBS NF-31 Chloranil first amine Chloranil second amine TosCl- PNBP TCT Methyl red Ellman MG Vazquez Purpald... 

Other window functions than the sine window have been proposed as well (see [Bosi et al., 1996b, Fielder et al., 1996]). Using Kaiser-Bessel-Derived window functions, a filter characteristic exhibiting better side-lobe suppression is possible. This is explained in [Fielder et al., 1996],... 

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