Juvenile diabetes mellitus

Gepts, W. (1965). Pathologic anatomy of the pancrease in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 14, 619-633. 

Cudworth AG, Woodrow JC. Evidence for HL-A-linked genes in juvenile diabetes mellitus. Br Med J 1975 3 133-135. 

K.M. Hambridge, D.O. Rodgerson, and D. O Brien. Concentration of chromium in hair of normal children and children with juvenile diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 15 517-519,1968. 

Juvenile diabetes mellitus is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by insulin deficiency. The disease often follows a viral infection with inflammation of the pancreatic P cells, but also exhibits genetic predisposition with a 40 to 50% concordance rate in monozygous twins and clustering in families. Juvenile diabetes mellitus is best described as a... 

There are multiple causes of diabetes. Whereas the molecular bases of some forms of diabetes are well understood, in many cases etiologies are unknown. It is customary to divide diabetes into two main forms insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), also referred to as Type I or juvenile-onset diabetes, and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), also called Type II or maturity-onset diabetes (3). 

Blood sugar (blood glucose) in human beings is controlled by the secretion of (—>) insulin by the beta (B- or (3-) cells of the islands of Langerhans in the pancreas. Loss of insulin synthesis leads to (—>) diabetes. Type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, EDDM) begins in juveniles as an organ-specific autoimmune reaction, the destructive insulitis. 

HF Heart failure JODM juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus... 

Failure of the body to synthesize sufficient insulin results in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). This is also known as type-1 diabetes or juvenile-onset diabetes. 

The origins of diabetes mellitus are still being investigated. There is a familial trait—certain histocompatability phenotypes and perhaps other non-HLA genes are more frequently displayed by juvenile diabetics than others. Viral infections in childhood may precipitate immune responses which damage the P islet cells. Other types of diabetes, such as that shown by middle-aged or older patients, have different causes and can often be controlled by appropriate diet. 

Type 1 Autoimmune disease resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. Formerly referred to as juvenile onset diabetes, type I DM or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Ketosis is common in poorly controlled subjects. 

Diabetes mellitus occurs when the human body does not produce enough insulin. This form of diabetes is called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, or juvenile diabetes, or type I diabetes). IDDM is an autoimmune disease (see Exhibit 4.7) in which the j8 cells are targeted by the body s own immune system and progressively destroyed. Once destroyed, they are unable to produce insulin. 

Juvenile onset (type I) diabetes mellitus is caused by the destruction of insulin-producing B cells in the pancreas, necessitating replacement of insulin (daily dose approx. 40 U, equivalent to approx. 1.6 mg). 

Diabetes mellitus has been traditionally classified into insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), also known as type I (formerly called juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus), and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), also known as type II (formerly referred to as adult-onset diabetes mellitus). There are clearly varying degrees of overlap, and though it is often important to know whether a particular individual possesses relative insulin deficiency or relative insulin resistance or both, some of the more salient differences between IDDM and NIDDM are summarized in Table 67.1. 

Treating Diabetes Mellitus. There are two main types of diabetes. Type I diabetes (previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM) is a severe form which occurs most commonly in juveniles and young adults and which results from an absolute insulin deficiency arising from pancreatic B cell destruction, presumably via an immune-mediated mechanism. Type II diabetes (previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) is a milder, heterogeneous form of diabetes which occurs more... 

For many years, there has been concern by medical professionals and nutritionists over the effects of dietary sugar on human health. Sucrose has been implicated as a cause of juvenile hyperactivity, tooth decay, diabetes mellitus, obesity, atherosclerosis, hypoglycemia, and nutrient deficiencies. 

In type I (juvenile onset) diabetes mellitus, the inability to release insulin (and thus to mobilize glucose... 

Type 1 diabetes mellitus occurred after 5 months treatment with etanercept for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in a 7-year-old girl (389). Antiglutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies were positive both before and during treatment, suggesting that etanercept may have prematurely triggered an underlying disease. 

Bloom BJ. Development of diabetes mellitus during etanercept therapy in a child with systemic-onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2000 43(ll) 2606-8. 

A deficiency in insulin production results in a condition called diabetes mellitus. Approximately 6.2 percent of the population in the United States is affected with diabetes. Type 1 diabetics account for 10 percent of those individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus. It is also known as juvenile diabetes and generally develops in young people, typically between the ages of ten and fifteen years, as a result of an autoimmune disorder. Why the body s immune system turns on itself, attacking and destroying beta cells, the pancreatic cells in which insulin is synthesized, is not clear. The unfortunate consequence is insulin deficiency. 

Diabetes mellitus has been diagnosed in approximately 14 million people in the United States. Of these, 10-20 percent are classified as having insulin-dependent, juvenile-onset (type 1) while the remainder have non-insulin-dependent, maturity-onset (type 2). However, the situation can be somewhat more complex than these straightforward definitions in that type 1 can occur at any age and type 2 can require the use of insulin. At the present time, there is a serious increase in type 2 diabetics, particularly among the young. 

Diabetes mellitus ( sweet urine ) involves relative over-production of glucose by the liver and under-utilization by other organs. Diabetes is the most serious metabolic disease in terms of its social impact. Obesity and the indulgent Western diet correlates with mature age diabetes. Type 1 diabetes (juvenile diabetes) typically manifests at less than 20 years from autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic (3 cells. Type 1 diabetes is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and is fatal without exogenous insulin. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (mature age diabetes) occurs later in life and typically involves both deficient insulin production and insulin resistance , that is, the target cells are less responsive to insulin. Type 2 diabetes is initially non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) but insulin therapy (in addition to oral antidiabetics) may eventually be required. Hyperglycaemia due... 

---