James river

Most of the commercial tree plantations that produce wood for captive use as a raw material in manufacturing operations use a portion as fuel. Examples of short-rotation plantations are Hsted in Table 38 (127). Paper companies in the southeastern United States are reported to have short-rotation plantings also, eg, Weyerhaeuser, James River Corp., Buckeye Cellulose, and Lykes Brothers, but the intensity of maintenance is not known (127). 

James River Corp. of Nevada 2975 hybrid poplar 6 captive for fiber and fuel for paper mills, larger plantings are planned... 

The primary U.S. producers of ground calcium carbonate are Columbia River Carbonates, ECC International, Franklin Limestone Co., Genstar Stone Products, Georgia Marble Company, J.M. Huber Corp., Calcium Carbonates Division, James River Limestone Co., Inc., OMYA Inc. 

Production of chlordecone ceased in 1975 as a result of human health concerns at that time industrial releases of this chemical to surface waters via a municipal sewage system were curtailed. However, releases from waste disposal sites may continue to add chlordecone to the environment. Major releases of chlordecone occurred to the air, surface waters, and soil surrounding a major manufacturing site in Hopewell, Virginia. Releases from this plant ultimately contaminated the water, sediment, and biota of the James River, a tributary to the Chesapeake Bay. 

No information was found on atmospheric concentrations of chlordecone other than historic monitoring data from samples collected in the vicinity of the manufacturing site. Chlordecone has been monitored in surface waters, particularly during the period shortly before and after production was terminated. In 1977, chlordecone was detected in surface water samples from the James River at low concentrations (less than 10 ng/L [ppt]), although it was not detected in more recent monitoring studies. The highest concentrations of this compound are found in sediments, principally in the James River where it had accumulated after the deposition of particulate matter to which the chlordecone was bound. In 1978, chlordecone was detected in sediments from the James River below its production site at concentrations in the mg/kg (ppm) range. 

The high BCF values observed for chlordecone (>60,000) indicate that the compound will be found in high concentrations in aquatic organisms that dwell in waters or sediments contaminated with chlordecone. Chlordecone has been detected in fish and shellfish from the James River, which empties into the Chesapeake Bay, at levels in the pg/g (ppm) range. There is currently a fish consumption advisory in effect for the lower 113 miles of the James River. Chlordecone residues were detected in foods analyzed from 1978-1982 and 1982-1986 as part of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Pesticide Residue Monitoring Studies. Chlordecone was detected in one of 27,065 food samples analyzed by 10 state laboratories, but was not detected in the more recent FDA Pesticide Residue Monitoring Studies from 1986 to 1991. No information on the specific foods in which residues were found or levels detected was located. 

Chlordecone has been detected in the air, surface water, soil and sediment, aquatic organisms and foodstuffs. Historically chlordecone was released to the environment primarily during its production at a manufacturing facility in Hopewell, Virginia. There are no known natural sources of chlordecone and production of the compound was terminated in 1975. Currently, hazardous waste disposal sites and contaminated sediment sinks in the James River are the major sources for chlordecone release to the environment (EPA 1978c Huggett and Bender 1980 Lunsford et al. 1987). 

The major release of chlordecone to sediments, however, occurred indirectly as a result of waste water discharges, runoff of contaminated soil, and direct disposal of solid wastes at a production facility in Hopewell, Virginia. An estimated 10,000-30,000 kg (22,000-66,100 lb) of chlordecone is associated with bottom sediment in the James River estuary (Huggett and Bender 1980 Nichols 1990). This sediment serves as a reservoir for future release of chlordecone via resuspension of sediments resulting from storms or dredging activities (Lunsford et al. 1987). 

Shad roe taken from the James River contained chlordecone levels that were 140% higher than muscle tissue residues, indicating a partitioning of the chemical into the lipid-rich eggs (Bender and Huggett 1984). 

The solubility of chlordecone in water is low (1--3 mg/L) and as with mirex, contamination is more likely to be associated with the particulate matter in the water rather than the water itself. Chlordecone was detected primarily in water samples collected in and around the production facility site in Hopewell, Virginia, and in adjacent waters of the James River estuary. Effluent from the Life Sciences Products Company facility contained 0.1 —1.0 mg/L (ppm) chlordecone, while water in holding ponds at the site contained 2--3 mg/L (ppm) chlordecone (Epstein 1978). Levels of chlordecone in river water in August 1975 ranged from not detectable (<50 ng/L [ppt]) in the York River and Swift Creek areas, to levels of 1--4 pg/L (ppb) in Bailey Creek which received direct effluent discharges from the Hopewell Sewage Treatment Plant. Water concentrations of up to 0.3 p g/L (ppb) were detected in the James River at the mouth of Bailey Creek and in the Appomattox... 

River (upstream from Hopewell) at 0.1 pg/L (ppb) (Epstein 1978). Hopewell drinking water drawn from the James River contained no detectable chlordecone levels (EPA 1978c Epstein 1978). In 1977, 12 years after production of chlordecone began and 2 years after production ceased, average concentrations of chlordecone in estuarine water (dissolved) were <10 ng/L (ppt) (Nichols 1990). In October 1981,6 years after production at the plant ceased, chlordecone water concentrations ranged from not detectable to 0.02 pg/L (ppb) (Lunsford et al. 1987). 

With the exception of the James River area of Virginia, very little information is available on chlordecone residues in soil and sediment. Chlordecone was detected in soil immediately surrounding the Life Sciences Products Company in Hopewell, Virginia, at levels of 1-2% (10,000-20,000 mg/kg) and contamination extended to 1,000 m at concentrations of 2-6 mg/kg (ppm) (Huggett and Bender 1980). 

In addition to the James River area, chlordecone residues of 0.025 and 0.23 mg/kg (ppm) were detected in trout and suckers, respectively, collected from Spring Creek 18 miles downstream of the Nease Chemical Plant in Pennsylvania (EPA 1978c). This plant produced small quantities of chlordecone from 1966-1974 (Epstein 1978). 

Bender MA, Huggett RJ. 1984. Fate and effects of Kepone in the James River. Rev Environ Tox 1 5-51. 

Cutshall NH,Larsen IV, Nichols MM. 1981. Man-made radionucleotides confirm rapid burial of Kepone in James River sediments.Science 213 440-442. 

Tunsford CA, Weinstein MP, Scott L. 1987. Uptake of Kepone by the estuarine bivalve Rangia cuneata, during the dredging of contaminated sediments in the James River, VA. Water Research 21 411-416. 

Nichols MM. 1990. Sedimentologic fate and cycling of Kepone in an estuarine system Example from the James River estuary. Sci Total Environ 97/98 407-440. 

Once inside the plant, we asked the plant manager if he was not worried about terrorists or some disgruntled former employee using a boat filled with explosives or some other weapon(s) gaining easy access to the plant and especially the chlorine building via the James River beach landing and picnic area ... 

Compare this to 31 lb per person annually in Asia and 11 lb in Africa. There are about 200 pulp mills and 600 paper and paperboard mills in operation now. Some names of companies in this industry in order of sales from first to tenth are International Paper, Georgia-Pacific, Stone Container, Scott Paper, James River, Weyerhaeuser, Champion International, Union Camp, Mead, and Boise Cascade. 

The state of Virginia closed a kepone pesticide plant because 70 of the 150 employees were suffering from kepone poisoning. The James River, which furnishes one fifth of all U.S. oysters, was contaminated. Kepone is made by dimerizing hexachlorocyclopentadiene and hydrolyzing to a ketone. Kepone is now banned. 

Source of Enzymes. Culture filtrates of T. reesei strains VTT-D-79125 and Rut C-30 were used as starting material for purification of the individual enzymes and also as crude enzyme preparations in the hydrolysis experiments. Cultivations were carried out in a laboratory fermentor at 30°C for 4d on media containing Solka floe cellulose (James River Corp., New Hampshire, USA), or glucose and distiller s spent grain (Alko, Ltd., Koskenkorva, Finland). 

Figure 9.1. Gas tracer pulses for the James River (North Dakota) used to measure the reaeration coefficient. GC, gas chromatograph SFe, suiter hexafloride.

The first coal deposits on the North American continent were discovered ca 2nd half of 17th century in Nova Scotia and ca 1701 on the banks of James river, near Richmond, Virginia. It was not until 1745, however, that coal started to be mined in Va on a commercial scale. About 1751 coal was discovered in West Virginia (Appalachian bituminous),in 1755 in Ohio and in 1770 in Pennsylvania... 

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