Issues to be Considered

Each level could be reached employing different techniques, e.g., level 1, SPE, SEC, lEFor ITP level 2, SEC, RPC, HIC, HILIC, IMACorAC level 3, MS, MS/MS. 

---

Another safety issue to be considered which might be exacerbated in the reprocessing option is that the plutonium generated in power reactors, called reactor-grade plutonium because it is made up of a variety of plutonium isotopes, contains plutonium-241, which is subject to spontaneous fission (8). The mixture of isotopes makes it extremely difficult to build an effective nuclear weapon. However, an explosive device could be built using this mixture if control of detonation is sacrificed (48). 

Issues to be considered in selecting the best stabilizing system are polymeric chain branching which increases with high temperature and the presence of some stabilizers, polydispersity of the particles produced, and grafting copolymerization, which may occur because of the reaction of vinyl acetate with emulsifiers such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (43,44). 

Temperature The level of the temperature measurement (4 K, 20 K, 77 K, or higher) is the first issue to be considered. The second issue is the range needed (e.g., a few degrees around 90 K or 1 to 400 K). If the temperature level is that of air separation or liquefact-ing of natural gas (LNG), then the favorite choice is the platinum resistance thermometer (PRT). Platinum, as with all pure metals, has an electrical resistance that goes to zero as the absolute temperature decreases to zero. Accordingly, the lower useful limit of platinum is about 20 K, or liquid hydrogen temperatures. Below 20 K, semiconductor thermometers (germanium-, carbon-, or silicon-based) are preferred. Semiconductors have just the opposite resistance-temperature dependence of metals—their resistance increases as the temperature is lowered, as fewer valence electrons can be promoted into the conduction band at lower temperatures. Thus, semiconductors are usually chosen for temperatures from about 1 to 20 K. 

In a new design, the allocation of streams to the tube-side or shell-side will be unknown at this stage. The issues to be considered for the allocation include ... 

Other specific issues to be considered when developing oxygen sensor systems for packaging applications include ... 

Proper and comprehensive planning of a clinical trial is essential to the successful development of any drug. The first issue to be considered when developing a trial protocol is to define precisely what questions the trial results should be capable of answering. As discussed previously, the terms safety and efficacy are difficult to define in a therapeutic context. An acceptable meaning of these concepts, however, should be committed to paper prior to planning of the trial. 

Most treatment-resistant depressed patients have received inadequate therapy. Issues to be considered in patients who have not responded to treatment include the following (1) Is the diagnosis correct (2) Does the patient have a psychotic depression (3) Has the patient received an adequate dose and duration of treatment (4) Do adverse effects preclude adequate dosing (5) Has the patient been compliant with the prescribed regimen (6) Was treatment outcome measured adequately (7) Is there a coexisting or preexisting medical or psychiatric disorder (8) Was a stepwise approach to treatment used (9) Are there other factors that interfere with treatment ... 

To revert to the main trend of our discussion, the issue to be considered at that stage, was characterization in solution. 

This chapter discusses the features of CT imaging and outlines how the images are formed. Several different technical approaches are described along with examples. Finally, issues to be considered in designing luggage scanners are presented. 

V. Toward a More Appropriate Measure of Cost Issues to Be Considered... 

There is another issue to be considered here. The foregoing observations assume that you know that you need to develop. On the other hand, you may believe that you do not need any development at the present time. Which may be so. Or it may not be. 

For difficult separations, multiple extractions are frequently carried out, although in many cases the background is also coextracted. Using multiple extractions, polar interferences may sometimes be transferred from the aqueous into organic solvents that can dissolve minute amounts of water. This problem cannot be eliminated by simple presaturation of the extraction solvent but only by washing the extract with small amounts of water (58). Another relevant issue to be considered in trace residue analysis concerns the purity of the organic solvents, since they can introduce solvent impurities into the sample extract. Therefore, the need for high solvent purification should not be overlooked in some applications. 

When considering equity transactions some of the most significant issues to be considered are the valuation of the shares offered at the time of the offer and then at that date of closing which can vary, sometimes quite widely. Another factor which can have a bearing on the attraction of an equity transaction are the requirements for lock-up periods where shares cannot be traded for a defined time following the closing of the transaction. This can be a serious concern to private equity holders as there is an unknowable quantity of risk implied by waiting for the lock-up period to end and this will induce a very cautious approach to valuation as a result. Furthermore the ownership structure of a... 

An important aspect of studying high-latitude environmental dynamics is assessment of the impact of potential anthropogenic climate warming. In this context Frederick (1994) formulated the key issues to be considered when integrating assessments of the impact of climate change on natural resources. Specific project objectives include... 

Compilations of technical issues to be considered in respect of methods of collection, transportation and storage of POPs wastes. 

Savory J, Exley C, Forbes WF, et al. 1996. Can the controversy of the role of aluminum in Alzheimer s disease be resolved What are the suggested approaches to this controversy and methodological issues to be considered J Toxicol Environ Health 48 615-635. 

Other parameters that need to be considered to achieve efficient dye-sensitized solar cells include the open circuit photovoltage, Voc, which is determined theoretically by the potential difference between the Fermi level of the semiconductor and the Nernst potential of the redox couple in solution, i.e. I-/l3- in the case of the cell under consideration here. However, there are kinetic reasons why the theoretical value is not obtained in practice. One issue to be considered, for example, is the energy-wasting reaction of a recombination of the injected electrons with the I3-produced upon reduction of the oxidized dye. 

It is important that both the qualitative and quantitative characterization be clearly communicated to the risk manager. The qualitative characterization includes the quality of the database, along with strengths and weaknesses, for both health and exposure evaluations the relevance of the database to humans the assumptions and judgements that were made in the evaluation and the level of confidence in the overall characterization. The quantitative characterization also includes information on the range of effective exposure levels, dose-response estimates (including the uncertainty factors applied), and the population exposure estimates. Kimmel et al. (2006) reviewed many of the components of the risk characterization for reproductive and developmental effects and provided a comprehensive list of issues to be considered for each of the components of the risk assessment. 

As discussed earlier, NFPA 13011 is another important document, because it is used for the regulation of train and underground system, by authorities having jurisdiction over local rail systems in some U.S. systems, some Canadian ones, and some Asian ones. Table 21.6 shows the reaction-to-fire requirements for rail cars. NFPA 130 also includes requirements for stations and trainways as well as rail vehicles. The key issues to be considered in stations are the same as in other assembly occupancies, namely electrical, interior finish, upholstered furniture, decorations, and trash disposal. With regard to trainways, the standard looks at the effect of areas that are potentially concealed spaces and considers that factor. 

The chemometric methods nowadays available are both powerful and dangerous, and there are many issues to be considered when using statistical analyses on data for which there are numerous measurements (which often exceed the number of samples). It is not difficult to carry out statistical analysis on multivariate data in such a way that the results appear much more impressive than they really are. 

---