Isotonic glucose

Infusion solutions of levarterenol in isotonic glucose, sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate were stable at least four hours at room temperature. 211... 

Three-way stopcock resistant to Lipiodol (Cook) isotonic glucose solution. 

In a series of 85 patients recently described the frequency of infusion thrombophlebitis was 31.8%. It was found that the time elapsing before the onset of infusion thrombophlebitis (in 23.3% of the patients) was twice as long for sodium lactate and chloride solution (i.e. 131 hours) as for isotonic glucose solution (i.e. 70 hours), with occurrence in 40.5% of the patients (p< 0.05) (17). 

A 0-9% salt solution is considered to be isotonic with blood. Other electrolytes present include bicarbonate ions (HCOj ) and small amounts of potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, sulphate and organic acid ions. Included among the complex compounds and present in smaller amounts are phospholipids, cholesterols, natural fats, proteins, glucose and amino acids. Under normal conditions the extracellular body fluid is slightly alkaline with a pH of 7-4. ... 

Refer to Problem 55 and determine the concentration of a glucose solution isotonic with blood. 

Isotonic intravenous solutions contain 49 g/L of glucose (Cg Hi 2 Og). What is the osmotic pressure of blood ... 

Isotonic solutions, by definition, exert equal osmotic pressure. Therefore, for blood is the same as I I for the glucose solution. We can calculate from Equation after converting the concentration moles per liter —MRT and... 

Fluids can be classified further according to their tonicity. Isotonic solutions (i.e., normal saline or 0.9% sodium chloride [NaCl]) have a tonicity equal to that of the ICF (approximately 310 mEq/L or 310 mmol/L) and do not shift the distribution of water between the ECF and the ICF. Because hypertonic solutions (i.e., hypertonic saline or 3% NaCl) have greater tonicity than the ICF (greater than 376 mEq/L or 376 mmol/L), they draw water from the ICF into the ECF. In contrast, hypotonic solutions (i.e., 0.45% NaCl) have less tonicity than the ICF (less than 250 mEq/L or 250 mmol/L) leading to an osmotic pressure gradient that pulls water from the ECF into the ICF. The tonicity, electrolyte content, and glucose content of selected fluids are shown in Table 24—3. 

The entry of CL into cells may be essential for the cellular entry [232] or secretion [233] of some macromolecules such as diphtheria toxin and modeccin. Sandvig and Olsnes [232] studied the entry of diphtheria toxin and modeccin into Vero cells in pH 7.2 media containing 20 mM Hepes, 1 mM Ca(OH)2, 5 mM glucose,a sufficient amount of mannitol to ensure isotonicity, and varying concentrations of NaCl. The cellular uptake of 0.1 nM diphtheria toxin at the end of 50 min was strongly dependent on CL concentration. It was 0% at 0 mM NaCl, 25% of the 140 mM NaCl control at 2 mM NaCl, and 60% of the control at 70 mM NaCl. A similar trend was observed for modeccin, i.e., no transport at 0 mM NaCl, 20% of control at 0.05 mM NaCl, 60% of control at 0.1 mM NaCl, 80% of control at 0.5 mM NaCl, and 100% of control at 2 mM NaCl. 

The alevins of rainbow trout thrive best in fresh water. Raising the salinity just to 5%o causes a rise in lactate under fully aerobic conditions and markedly decreases the concentration of blood glucose (Krumschnabel and Lackner, 1993), so the advantage of using isotonic saline varies according to developmental stage. 

Colloidal isotonic solutions of macromolecules include dextrans (glucose polymer), gelatin (hydrolysed collagen) and hydroxyethyl starch. 

Hyperosmolar diabetic coma occms chiefly in noninsulin-dependent diabetics who fail to compensate for their continuing, osmotic glucose diuresis. It is characterised by severe dehydration, a very high blood sugar (> 33 mmol/1 600 mg/100 ml) and lack of ketosis and acidosis. Treatment is with isotonic (0.9%) saline, at half the rate recommended for ketoacidotic coma, and with less potassium than in severe ketoacidosis. Insulin requirements are less than in ketoacidosis, where the acidosis causes resistance to the actions of insuhn, and should generally be half those shown in Table 35.2. Patients are more liable to thrombosis and prophylactic heparin is used. 

Glucose Buffering agent, isotonicity, solubilizer, stabilizer, vehicle iv, im, sc, ic... 

It is possible to treat moderately dehydrated horses effectively with oral replacement solutions (ORSs) (McGinness et al 1996). Oral fluids do not need to be sterUe and can be made up on the farm they are, therefore, considerably cheaper and easier to transport than i.v. fluids. It is apparently not necessary to add glucose to oral fluids for horses (Sosa Leon et al 1995) but, if feasible, electrolytes should be added. Isotonic or hypotonic fluids should be adnunistered (Sosa Leon et al 1995). A possible isotonic solution consists of 4.9 g/1 table salt and... 

The solute solution concentration has been demonstrated to influence DRV encapsulation efficiency differently, depending on the solute. As an example, although glucose and CF entrapment values were found to decrease with increasing solute solution concentration, the same was not found true for encapsulation of sodium chloride and potassium chloride (1). For CF, best encapsulation yields in DRVs are demonstrated when a 17 mM solution in a tenfold dilution of an isotonic PBS buffer, is used. The ionic strength of the buffer used to dissolve the solute added at this step, should be at least 10 times less than that of the buffer used for DRV dilution after the hydration step (see below) in order to reduce material losses, due to osmotic activity of liposomes. 

GLUCOSE, Glucosum Glucose occurs freely in sweet fruits, in grapes and honey together with fructose. Commercially glucose is obtained by hydrolysis of starch from potato or corn. After hydrolysis, performed with diluted hydrochloric acid under pressure, the mixture is neutralised, filtered, decolourised with charcoal, concentrated and crystallised. Purification is done by recrystallisation. Glucose 55 mg/ml is isotonic with the blood. 

The glomerular filtrate containing virtually very little protein (approximately 30 mg/dl) enters the proximal tubule. Approximately 80% of the water and solute from the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule as an isotonic solution. Solutes such as glucose and proteins are almost totally reabsorbed. Creatinine, in contrast, is not reabsorbed. Approximately 65% of the sodium in the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule by active transport. The rate of reabsorption of sodium in the proximal tubule, however, is under the... 

---