Ishikawa analysis

This method, which is also called a cause and effect analysis or the Ishikawa analysis (Black and Kohser 2008, Hensey 1993, Rose 2005), provides a systematic way to thoroughly identify widely-varying possible causes of a problem. Once again, assemble a diverse group, provide background, pose the problem, and construct the fishbone diagram. 

A. YagJ, Y. Asano, and K. Ishikawa, Extraction method for fenothiocarb in sods, in Abstracts of the 5th Annual Meeting of the Pesticide Residue Analysis Society, pp. 35-38 (1981) (in Japanese). 

Ishikawa, T., Onishi, Y., Hirano, H. et al. (2004). Pharmacogenomics of drug transporters a new approach to functional analysis of the genetic polymorphisms of ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein/MDRl). Biol. Pharm. Bull., 27, 939 48. 

Ishikawa and coworkers reported a synthesis of ( )-0-methylkinamycin C (54) [32, 33]. Their retrosynthetic analysis is shown in Scheme 3.9. It was envisioned that 54 could be derived from the dihydroindanone 55 by D-ring oxygenation, installation of the diazo substituent, and oxidation of the protected hydroquinone function. The dihydroindanone 55 was envisioned to arise from the enol ether 56, itself formed from an endo Diels-Alder reaction between the indenone 59 and the diene 58. 

Niu SQ, Fukushima J, Jiang Y, Ishikawa Y, Ueda T, Matsumoto S (2006) Analysis of bacterial community structure in the natural circulation system wastewater bioreactor by using a 16S rRNA gene clone library. Microbiol Immunol 50 937-950... 

Olfactorily active compounds carried in human milk have rarely been subjected to chemical analysis (Stafford, Horning and Zlatkis 1976 Pellizari, Hartwell, Harris III, Waddell, Whitaker and Erickson 1982 Shimoda, Ishikawa, Hayakawa and Osajima 2000 Bingham, Sreven-Tuttle, Lavin and Acree 2003), and so far no attempt was undertaken to characterize the volatile composition of human AG secretions. Thus, the degree of their chemical overlap or specificity cannot be evaluated. Here we present preliminary data from such comparative analyses of colostrum and AG secretions from the same women. 

A cause and effect diagram (sometimes known as the Ishikawa"" or the fishbone diagram"") represents the relationships between a given effect and its potential causes. The cause and effect analysis relates the interactions among the factors affecting a process. 

Synthetic 5-FeOOH has a surface area which ranges from 20-300 m g depending on the thickness of the crystals. In a series of seven synthetic feroxyhytes the surface area increased from 140 to 240 m g (EGME method) as the crystallinity decreased (Garlson and Schwertmann, 1980). 5-EeOOH displays interpartide porosity, i.e. slitshaped micro- or mesopores between the plate like crystals (Jimenez-Mateos et al., 1988 Ishikawa et al., 1992). Both TEM observations and t-plot analysis showed that 0.8 nm micropores formed upon dehydroxylation at 150 °G in vacuo. The surface area rose steeply as the temperature exceeded 100 °G and reached a value close to 150 m g at 200 °C at which temperature, the sample was completely converted to hematite. 

Hosoda H, Ishikawa E (1993) Coupling of haptens to carriers and to labels. In Masseyeff RF, Albert WH, Staine NA (eds.) Methods of immunological analysis. Samples and reagents. VCH, Weinheim, p... 

Following this reaction sequence established by Kumada and Ishikawa, Leigh and coworkers detected the transient 1-silaallene 597 in a laser flash photolysis of the ethynyl-disilane 619. 597 was identified by its characteristic UV absorptions at 275 nm and 325 nm278 and by the trapping reaction with methanol. It is formed, however, in a mixture with silacyclopropene 620, dimethylsilylene 621 and acetylene 622. Based on the quantitative analysis of the products of methanolysis (623-626) a chemical yield of 597 of 12-15% was deduced278 (equation 205). 

Fig. 10.73 Schematic of the three-dimensional FEM nonisothermal flow analysis flow diagram employed by the Ishikawa et al. (113). [Reprinted by permission from T. Ishikawa, S. I. Kihara and K. Funatsu, 3-D Numerical Simulations of Nonisothermal Flow in Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruders, Polym. Eng. Set, 40, 365 (2000).]...

This regiochemistry has been confirmed by X-ray analysis. Ishikawa, I. Itoh, T. Melik-Ohanjanian, R. G. Takayanagi, H. Mizuno, Y. Ogura, H. Heterocycles 1990,37,1641. 

Ishikawa I, Onouchi Z, Saito Y, Kitada H, Shinoda A, Ushitani K, Tabuchi M, Suzuki M (1981) Renal cortex visualization and analysis of dynamic CT curves of the kidney. J Comput Assist Tomogr 5 695-701... 

The criteria (Eqs. 11 and 12) are similar and are derived from studies on materials that are elastic at initiation of crazing, while more ductile materials like polycarbonate show a more pronounced sensitivity to the hydrostatic tension. This has been found experimentally by Ishikawa and coworkers [1, 27] for notched specimens of polycarbonate. Crazing appears ahead of the notch root, at the intersection of well-developed shear bands. From a slip fine field analysis, the tip of the plastic zone corresponds to the location of the maximum hydrostatic stress. This has been confirmed by Lai and Van der Giessen [8] with a more realistic material constitutive law. Therefore, Ishikawa and coworkers [1,27] suggested the use of a criterion for initiation based on a critical hydrostatic stress. Such a stress state condition can be expressed by Eq. 11 with erg = 0 and I r = B°/A°. Thus, the criterion (Eq. 11) can be considered general enough to describe craze initiation in many glassy polymers. For the case of polycarbonate, a similar criterion is proposed in [28] as... 

Ikeda H, Ishikawa J, Hanamoto A, Shinose M, Kikuchi H, Shiba T, Sakaki Y, Hattori M, Omura S (2003) Complete Genome Sequence and Comparative Analysis of the Industrial Microorganism Streptomyces avermitilis. Nat Biotechnol 21 526... 

Compoimd 3 has also been obtained by Ishikawa et al. by interaction of acetyltris(trimethyl-silyl)silane with methyllithium [3]. Deprotonation of lb under the same conditions gives ( )-3,4-di-rt)utyl-l,1.2,2-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)-l,2-disilacyclobutane 4, the head-to-head [2+2] cycloaddition product of silene 2b (Scheme 1). The constitution of 4 is proved also by an X-Ray crystal structure analysis (Fig. 1). 

Ishikawa T, Tsuji A, Inui K, Sai Y, Airzai N, Wada M et al. The genetic polymorphism of drug transporters Functional analysis approaches. Pharmacogenomics 2004 5 67-99. 

Shimizu T, Tanabe K, Tokumoto T, Ishikawa N, Shinmura H, Oshima T, Toma H, Yamaguchi Y. Qinical and histological analysis of acute tacrolimus (TAC) nephrotoxicity in renal allografts. Clin Transplant 1999 13(Suppl I) 48-53. 

Kamikawa T, Amenomori M, Itoh T, Momoi H, Hiai H, Machinami R, Ishikawa Y, Mori T, Shimahara Y, Yamaoka Y, Fnknmoto M. Analysis of genetic changes in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma induced by Thorotrast. Radiat Res 1999 152(Suppl 6) S118-24. 

However, closer analysis has shown that the mature T-tubule membranous complex is consistent with a G-PCS membrane. As will be discussed below, the structure seems to be consistent with a G-membrane in many of the published examples of mature "T-tubular networks" of mammals which can be identified as cubic membranes. The work by Ishikawa [18] allows detailed comparison with the gyroid membrane, which makes the structural assigmnent of the "T-tubule network" convincing. In many respects the structural analysis is similar to that described below of interstitial cells in an antebrachial organ of a lemur [17]. Some of the results of this analysis of the T-tubule associated gyroid membrane [4,94], are shown in Fig. 7.16. 

H., and Ishikawa, T. (2007) Prediction of drug-induced intrahepatic cholestasis in vitro screening and QSAR analysis of drugs inhibiting the human bile salt export pump. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 6, 71-86. 

Yada T., Ishikawa M., Totoki Y., Okubo K. (1994) Statistical analysis of human DNA sequences in the vicinity of poly(A) signal. Institute for New Generation Computer Technology. Technical Report TR-876. 

Maemura, K., Kurihara, H., Kurihara, Y., Oda, H., Ishikawa, T., Copeland, N.G., Gilbert, D.J., Jenkins, N.A., Yazaki, Y. 1996. Sequence analysis, chromosomal location, and developmental expression of the mouse preproendothelin-1 gene. Genomics 31, 177-184. 

Some work has been reported on relativistic coupled cluster methods most notably by Kaldor, Ishikawa and their collaborators.232 These calculations are carried out within the no virtual pair approximation and are therefore analogous to the non-relativistic formulation. Perturbative analysis of the relativistic electronic structure problem demonstrated the importance of the negative energy branch of the spectrum in the calculation of energies and other expectation values. 

K. Kusube, K. Abe, O. Hiroshima, Y. Ishiguro, S. Ishikawa, and H. Ho-shida. Electrochemical Derivatization of Thiamine in a Flow Injection System—Application to Thiamine Analysis. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 31 (1983) 3589. 

Ishikawa K, Ducheyne P, Radin S (1993) Determination of the Ca/P ratio in calcium-deficient hydroxylapatite using X-ray diffraction analysis. J Mater Sci Mater in Med 4 165-168 Ishikawa K, Miyamoto Y, Kon M, Nagayama M, Asaoka K (1995) Non-decay type fast-setting calcium phosphate cement composite with sodium alginate. Biomaterials 16 527-532 Itatani K, Iwafune K, Howell FS, Aizawa M (2000) Preparation of various calcium-phosphate powders by ultrasonic spray freeze-drying technique. Mater Res Bull 35 574-85 Ito M, Hidaka Y, Nakajima M, Yagasaki H, Kafrawy AH (1999) Effect of hydroxylapatite content on physical properties and coimective tissue reactions to a chitosan-hydroxylapatite composite membrane. J Biomed Mater Res 45 204-208... 

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