Irritation, local

Skin irritation Local lymph node assay for skin sensitization (I-I-NA) EU, US... 

Specific Toxicity (may include one or more of the following studies) Local irritation (local reactogenicity)... 

Because there is no resistant cyst, transmission from host to host must be direct. The inflammatory response in trichomoniasis is the major pathology associated with this organism however, the mechanisms of induction are not known. It is likely that mechanical irritation resulting from contact between the parasite and vaginal epithelium is a major cause of this response but the organism produces high concentrations of acidic end-products and poly amines, both of which would also irritate local tissues. 

Toxic component of the Soap Bark tree (Quil-laja saponaria). Powerful irritant, local anaesthetic and muscular poison, vomiting, diarrhoea and gastroenteritis if taken in large doses internally, headache, vertigo, vomiting, hot skin, rapid feeble pulse, progressive muscular weakness and finally coma and death. 

While the use of IgGl as an immunogenicity endpoint to attempt to predict the relative allergenicity of enzymes/proteins is open to criticism as mechanistically irrelevant, the true value of the method will lie in its performance relative to other preclinical test methods and human sensitization patterns. Many newly emerging methods in immunoloxicology rely on surrogate endpoints or endpoints that measure only a component of the response process (e.g. skin equivalent cultures for skin and eye irritation, local lymph node assay for contact sensitization, mouse IgE test for chemical respiratory sensitization). Their value lies in their... 

The most selective known poison for mammals is norbormide 4.90) a rat-killer. It is 5-(o -hydroxy-Q -2-pyridylbenzyl)-7-(a-2-pyridylbenzylidene)-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide. Only the genus Rattus is affected, and death follows its powerful and irritant local vasoconstrictor action this leads to ischaemia of most of the vital organs which then cease to function. It is non-lethal to over 30 species of other mammals (including mice and other rodents), birds, and fish. It is suggested that all animals other than rats can detoxify norbormide (Roszkowski, 1965). Norbormide has not proved very successful in rat extermination because the vermin soon recognize its odour and learn to avoid it. 

Skin May be absorbed through skin. Symptoms of skin absorption parallel those from inhalation exposure. May cause skin irritation. Local contact may cause dermatitis. 

Many chemicals used in the workplace can damage the body. Effects range from skin irritation and dermatitis to chronic lung diseases such as silicosis and asbestosis or even cancer. The body may be harmed at the point where a chemical touches or enters it. This is called a local effect. When the solvent benzene touches the skin, it can cause drying and irritation (local effect). 

Tordedogy Prolonged skin contact may cause si. irritation, local redness si. irritating to eyes acute overexposure to combustion prods, may cause respiratory tract irritation TSCA listed... 

Acrolein is highly toxic by skin absorption. Brief contact may result in the absorption of harmful and possibly fatal amounts of material. Skin contact causes severe local irritation and chemical bums. Poly(vinyl chloride) coated protective gloves should be used (99). 

Personnel involved in the handling of methanol require eye and skin protection from the irritating properties of methanol in the event of a spill. Contact lenses should not be worn, since plastic lens materials may absorb and concentrate methanol against the eye. Additional respiratory protection is not required with adequate local explosion-proof ventilation. 

Dusts associated with these oxidising compounds produce caustic irritation of skin, eyes, and nasal membranes. Appropriate protection should be worn when handling. Skin contact should be treated as for any caustic material, ie, flush with water and neutralize. Toxicity is low to moderate and is the same as for the hydroxides. Toxicity of the chlorate is greater than for the peroxides and superoxides, and the chlorate material also causes local irritation. 

Concentrated monoethan olamine and monoisopropan olamine can cause severe local irritation or even bums to the mouth, throat, and digestive tract. If monoethan olamine and monoisopropan olamine are swallowed, large volumes of milk or water should be administered immediately. If diethanolamine, triethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, or triisopropanolamine are swallowed, vomiting should be induced after drinking two glasses of water. 

Ammonia is a strong local irritant which also has a corrosive effect on the eyes and the membranes of the pulmonary system. Vapor concentrations of 10,000 ppm are mildly irritating to the skin, whereas 30,000 ppm may cause bums. The physiological effects from inhalation are described in Table 16. Prolonged, intentional exposure to high levels of ammonia is unlikely because its characteristic odor can be detected at levels as low as 1 —5 ppm (94). The real danger occurs when escape is impossible, or the exposure victim has lost consciousness. 

Swallowing. If it is sufficiently irritant or caustic, a swallowed material may cause local effects on the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. Additionally, carcinogenic materials may induce tumor formation in the alimentary tract. Also, the gastrointestinal tract is an important route by which toxic materials are absorbed. The sites of absorption and factors regulating absorption have been reviewed (42,43). 

Primary Irritancy Studies. These studies are employed to determine the potential of materials to cause local inflammatory effects in exposed body surfaces, notably skin and eye, following acute or short-term repeated exposure. In general, the approach involves applying the test material to the surface of the skin or eye, and observing for signs of inflammation, their duration, and resolution. Reviews have been written about the conduct of primary eye irritation (58,86,87) and primary skin irritation studies (88,89). 

---