Invertebrates extraction

In addition to H(O) substances, Matsumoto and Osawa198 reported hemagglutination inhibition by B and A substances and neuraminidase-digested, porcine submaxillary-mucin. Although Lea substance did not inhibit, a closely related milk oligosaccharide, lacto-N-fucopentaose II, did exhibit activity in this assay. On screening 22 invertebrate extracts, Baldo and coworkers found eel-serum-reactive material in 15 species.881... 

Wright, M. 1989. Antibiotic and antifouling properties of marine invertebrate extracts comparative aspects of sponges and gorgonians. In Bioactive Compounds from Marine Organisms With Emphasis on the Indian Ocean An Indo-United States Symposium, eds. M-F. Thompson, R. Sarojini R. Nagabhushanam, pp. 351-356, Oxford and IBH Publishing, New Delhi. 

Fractionated marine invertebrates extract libraries for drug discovery. Bugni, T.S., Harper, M.K., McCulloch, M.W.B., Reppart, J., Ireland, C.M. (2008) Molecules, 13, 1372-1383. 

Studies into the toxic substances that can be extracted from marine invertebrates are growing at an increasing rate. Despite this, we are a long way from having com-... 

A gas liquid chromatographic (GLC) method was described for determining residues of Bayer 73 (2-aminoethanol salt of niclosamide) in fish muscle, aquatic invertebrates, mud, and water by analyzing for 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline, a hydrolysis product of Bayer 73 [83]. Residues were extracted with acetone-formic acid (98 + 2), and partitioned from water samples with chloroform. After sample cleanup by solvent and acid base partitioning, the concentrated extract was hydrolyzed with 2N NaOH and H202 for 10 min at 95°C. The 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline was then partitioned hexane ethyl ether (7 + 3) and determined by electron capture GLC. Average recoveries were 88% for fish, 82% for invertebrates, 82% for mud, and 98% for water at 3 or more fortification levels. 

Copper is toxic to sensitive species of terrestrial vegetation at >40 pg/L nutrient solution (seedlings of pines, Pirns spp.), at >10 mg/kg DW leaves (cucumber, Cucumis sativus), and >60 mg extractable Cu/kg DW soil (sweet orange, Citrus sinensis Table 3.4). Among sensitive species of terrestrial invertebrates, adverse effects on survival, growth, or reproduction occur at 2 pg Cu/cm2 on paper discs (earthworms), >50 mg Cu/kg diet (larvae of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar), and 53 to 70 mg Cu/kg DW soil (earthworms and soil nematodes Table 3.4). 

There have been many studies on the role of haemocytes in invertebrates, but their role in ingested material is not clear. Haemocytes are the molluscan analogue of the vertebrate macrophage. They are present in the haemolymph and appear to be able to migrate through epithelia, and they are found in the mantle fluid of bivalves and appear to be involved in the uptake of particulate matter. In a study of the clam Tridacna maxima that had been injected intramuscularly with a suspension of carbon particles, it was found that within 24 h the extracted haemocytes were laden with the particles. They had cleared the haemolymph of the particles within 48 h [76], In the tridacnidae some zooxanthellae are... 

Significant concentrations of cyanotoxins have been found to accumulate in the tissues of macroinvertebrates such as mollusks and crustaceans, presenting an indirect route of exposure for invertebrates, fish, and aquatic mammals at higher trophic levels (Negri and Jones 1995). In natural systems, mortality among benthic invertebrate herbivores is probably low because most bloom-forming bacteria are planktonic and only periodically come into contact with the benthos. Nevertheless, Kotak et al. (1996) determined that enhanced mortality of snails at the end of a bloom cycle in Canadian lakes was due to consumption of Microcystis cells that had formed a scum on the surface of macrophytes. Oberemm et al. (1999) found that aqueous microcystins, saxitoxins, and anatoxin-a all resulted in developmental delays in fish and salamander embryos. Interestingly, more severe malformations and enhanced mortality were observed when larvae were exposed to crude cyanobacterial extracts than to pure toxins applied at natural concentrations (Oberemm et al. 1999). 

Greer SP, Iken KB, McClintock JB, Amsler CD (2003) Individual and coupled effects of echino-derm extracts and surface hydrophobicity on spore settlement and germination in the brown alga Hincksia irregularis. Biofouling 19 315-326 Hadfield M, Paul VJ (2001) Natural chemical cues for settlement and metamorphosis in marine-invertebrate larvae. In McClintock JB, Baker BJ (eds) Marine Chemical Ecology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 431 161... 

Invertebrates. In a sediment exposure experiment using invertebrates, for extraction of contaminants (including NP), invertebrates... 

The results of an antitumor screen are summarized in Table 8.1. The attrition table summarizes the results from 338,072 samples tested against tumor cells derived from soft tissue sarcomas. Given that the samples included one combinatorial collection with approximately 1.5 million compounds and that each natural product extract most likely contained 100 or more, the total number of compounds tested in this screen exceeded 5 million. As shown in the first column of Table 8.1, the samples were from 11 collections composed of single synthetics, compounds synthesized by combinatorial chemistries, and purified natural products and extracts. The natural products were derived from microorganisms (actinomyces and fungi), plants, and marine invertebrates. 

Initial screening of lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts against influenza A/WY/03/2003 (H3N2) was selected from a library of diverse marine invertebrates, algae, and microorganisms. The primary influenza screen used in this study begins with a microscopic evaluation of the cytopathic effect of extracts on virus-infected mammalian cells and is quantified by an MTT stain. From 800 screened extracts, only one, well A4 in Fig. 1.1, which is the crude extract from G. 

Such observations led us to the hypothesis that there is likely a diversity of growth promoters and inhibitors to be found in marine algae and invertebrates. We thus began an examination of selected extracts for plant growth regulatory behavior. 

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