Intramuscular injections injection volume

Primates offer all of the possible dosing routes available in humans, but body size often limits dosing volumes. If volumes for subcutaneous or intramuscular injections exceed those suggested above, enzyme elevations [particularly alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)] are frequently observed (unpublished results). Continuous infusion techniques in alert animals are available in some laboratories either through use of programmable backpack pumps or jacket-and-tether systems (Perkin and Stejskal, 1994). 

The maximum volume of any substance that can be given as a single intramuscular injection at one site is 5 ml. 

Sldell, F.R., Culver, D.L., and Kaminskis, A. Serum creatine phosphokinase activity after intramuscular injection. The effect of dose, concentration, and volume. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 229 1894-1897, 1974. 

Local pain and increased creatine phosphoklnase in the blood follow intramuscular injection. Using 2-PAM chloride and saline, Sidell et al. showed that the degree of tissue injury was directly related to the osmolarity of the injected solutions when the volume was kept constant and directly related to the volume when the osmolarity was constant. However, under identical conditions, 2-PAM chloride was somewhat more Injurious than saline. 

The addition of sodium bicarbonate increases the potency of the local anesthetics two to four times for direct application or injection into nerve tranks and probably for subdural injection and on application to mucous surfaces. This is due to the easier penetration of the free anesthetic bases, as compared with their salts. For these purposes, the usual solutions of the anesthetic salts may be mixed with an equal volume of 0.5% sodium bicarbonate solution, without loss of efficiency, and with a saving of one half of the anesthetic, and correspondingly smaller danger of accidents. The mixtures, however, do not keep well, and must be made just before use. Alkalinization or buffering has no advantage for hypodermic or intradermic injections, because these do not require much penetration. Procaine base dissolved by the aid of carbon dioxide is also more potent than the hydrochloride when applied to the cornea, but not for intramuscular injection. 

Intramuscular injections. Generally, intramuscular injections are made with small gauge needles into the epaxial muscles on either side of the lumbar vertebral column or the quadriceps femoris muscle on the ventral side of either rear leg. Due to the small size of mice, very small volumes (e.g., 0.05 mL) should be injected. 

This patient participated in a 200-m relay race at an athletics meeting on October 10. After dinner, a dull pain in his left flank occurred and gradually worsened, but it differed from colic. There was no decrease in urine volume or dark urine. At 2330 hours, the patient attended the Emergency Outpatient Unit of our hospital because of the pain. An intramuscular injection of scopolamine butylbromide relieved the... 

The neuroleptics show variable absorption after oral administration. These agents readily pass into the brain, have a large volume of distribution, bind well to plasma proteins, and are metabolized to many different substances by the P-450 system in the liver. Fluphenazine decanoate and haloperidol decanoate are slow release (up to 3 weeks) formulations of neuroleptics, administered by intramuscular injection. These drugs are increasingly used in treating outpatients and individuals who are noncompliant. However, about 30% of these patients develop extrapyramidal symptoms. The neuroleptic drugs produce some tolerance but little physical dependence. 

The drag is administered into the subcutis of test animals (mouse, rat, rabbit, or dog) at the latero-dorsal area of the thoracic wall. The injection volume has to be adjusted to the size of the animal. The overall evaluation of findings is done according to the scoring described for intramuscular tolerance testing (Stotzer 1989). 

The high sensitivity of ETA—AAS for Cu has stimulated the development of methods to measure concentrations of the Cu carrier species in biological fluids. Delves [7] analysed the Cu content of the protein fractions separated from 2 pi volumes of serum by cellulose acetate membrane (CAM) electrophoresis. The separated protein bands were cut from the CAM and placed directly into the ETA via a 6 mm x 1 mm hole cut in the wall of the graphite tube. Calibration was achieved by adding 2 pi volumes of aqueous standards to 8 mm x 6 mm strips of CAM. Background correction was essential. Approximately 94% of the Cu was located in the a2 band, where carulo-plasmin would run, whereas other fractions contained less than 5% of the total serum Cu. The recovery of Cu after electrophoresis was quantitative, 99%, and the RSD was 0.086 at 1.74 ng Cu. This method was applied to studies of Cu changes in patients with Menkes Syndrome receiving intramuscular injections of copper as the EDTA complex, and in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. 

Should substitution of haemostatic factors become necessary prior or subsequent to invasive procedures, fresh plasma is the agent of choice, since it contains not only a balanced mixture of procoagulant and anticoagulant factors, but also fibronectin, which serves to reinforce RES clearance. However, relatively large quantities of fresh plasma are required, and it is important that individual volume limits are adhered to for haemodynamic reasons. Preventive administration of vitamin K (10 mg/week), subcutaneously injected if oral application is considered inefficient or an intramuscular injection appears too risky, is recommended in the case of suspected vitamin K deficiency. This measure can also be used prior to treatment with cephalosporins, in particular P-lactam antibiotics, or if the intestinal flora is affected. 

Chloramphenicol is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract peak serum concentrations are reached 1 or 2 h after an oral dose. Peak serum concentrations after ingestion equal those achieved after intravenous administration. Absorption after intramuscular injection is highly variable with peak concentrations achieved being 5-65% of those reached after intravenous or oral administration. The apparent volume of distribution is 0.6-1.61 kg Approximately 50% of the drug is bound to plasma proteins (primarily albumin). Chloramphenicol diffuses into breast milk and readily crosses the placenta fetal blood levels are 30-80% of maternal serum concentrations. Inactivation occurs primarily by hepatic glucuronidation. Hepatic insufficiency is known to decrease metabolism but rarely requires dose modification. Chloramphenicol has an elimination half-life of 1-4 h. Urinary excretion of unchanged... 

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