Drug administration parenteral

Parenteral drug administration means the giving of a drug by the subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), intravenous (IV), or intradermal route (Fig. 2-5). Other routes of parenteral administration that may be used by the primary care provider are intralesional (into a lesion), intra-arterial (into an artery), intracardiac (into the heart), and intra-articular (into a joint), hi some instances, intra-arterial dragp are administered by a nurse. However, administration is not by direct arterial injection but by means of a catheter that has been placed in an artery. 

After selecting the site for injection, cleanse the skin. Most hospitals have a policy regarding the type of skin antiseptic used for cleansing the skin before parenteral drug administration. Cleanse the skin with a circular motion, starting at an inner point and moving outward. 

Intramuscular and subcutaneous injections are by far the most common means of parenteral drug administration. Because of the high tissue blood flow and the ability of the injected solution to diffuse laterally, drug absorption generally is more rapid after intramuscular than after subcutaneous injection. Drug absorption from intramuscular and subcutaneous sites depends on the quantity and composition of the connective tissue, the capillary density, and the rate of vascular perfusion of the area. These factors can be influenced by the coinjection of agents that alter local blood flow (e.g., vasoconstrictors or vasodilators) or by substances that decrease tissue resistance to lateral diffusion (e.g., hyaluronidase). 

Duma RJ, Akers MJ, Turco SJ. Parenteral drug administration routes, precautions, problems, complications, and drug delivery systems. Chapter 2. In Avis KE, Lieberman HA, Lachman L, eds. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Parenteral Medications. 1. New York Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1992. 

The three kinds of disease process we have surveyed in this chapter are the natural analogues of experimental probes of the brain systems that normally alter brain states in animals. Not surprisingly, they alter consciousness in informative ways in humans. Strokes are the equivalent of electrolytic and excitatory neurotoxic lesions seizures are the equivalent of direct electrical and chemical stimulation alcohol is the equivalent of parenteral drug administration. In reading across the three disease classes in search of unifying concepts, I hope to stimulate a new era of experimental work in animals, as well as to celebrate what we have accomplished in the arena of human neuropsychology. 

Some examples of plastic additives and parenteral drug administration devices used as packaging materials for sterile products can be seen in Tables 1 and 2. 

Note Parenteral drug administration (by s.c. injection) was introduced by Alexander Wood, a Scottish physician, in 1853). 

Duma, R. J., Akers, M. J., and Turco, S. Parenteral drug administration routes, precautions, problems, and complications. In Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Parenteral Medications, 2nd ed. (K. E. Avis, L. Lachman, and H. Lieberman, Eds.). Marcel Dekker, New York, 1991. 

There was a long period of time when it was not exactly clear how much and how long the reactivators of cholinesterase could be applied. The investigation about toxicity and pharmacokinetics of this compound clarifies this problem. From the results obtained [12] can be concluded that HI-6 when administrated intravenously or intramuscularly is rapidly eliminated by cats. Parenteral drug administration will need to be repeated every 3-4 h. to maintain effective plasma concentrations (about 4 pg/ml). 

Parenteral - drug administration other than via gastrointestinal tract... 

Bruce J, Wong I C K (2001). Parenteral drug administration errors by nursing staff on an acute medical admissions ward during day duty. Drug Safety 24 ... 

Parenteral (injected) administration of drugs provides a solution to many problems associated with the oral delivery route. A drug injected into the blood circulation is considered to be completely bioavail-able thaefore, the quantity of the surfactants and otha inactive excipients in intravenous dosage forms are usually strictly limited. The most common alternative routes of parenteral drug administration are intramuscular or subcutaneous injections [2], Several otha injection routes are available to elicit rapid local reaction, such as intrathecal, intraarticular, and intracardiac. 

Implanted micropump Limitation on volume of divice only for highly active compounds exclusively for release in liquid from (difficulties in releasing polypeptides due to their low stability in aqueous medium) Local and more economical drug delivery more preferable than parenteral drug administration possibility of pulse and more complex kinetic profile of drug release ... 

Possible structural changes in active component because of shear stress Has advantages as compared with aerosol, oral, and parenteral drug administration... 

Local delivery provides advantages compared to traditional drug injection and aerosol administrations perfect alternative to parenteral drug administration tolerance to delivery via systemic or local administration routes... 

Perfect alternative to parenteral drug administration depending on implantation site, allow for controlled delivery via bloodstream or to local body area does not require repeated invasion for extracting worked out system... 

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