Interleukins immune response

Immune Defense. Figure 2 Cytokines involved in the development of adaptive immune responses in secondary lympoid tissues such as the lymph nodes or spleen. Abbreviations B B-lymphocyte, IFN interferon, Ig immunoglobulin, IL interleukin, NK natural killer cell, TE T-effector (cytotoxic) lymphocyte, TH T-helper lymphocyte... 

Immune Defense. Figure 3 Drugs involved in suppressing innate and adaptive immune response. Abbreviations mob monoclonal antibody, TCR T-cell antigen receptor, IL-2 interleukin-2, R receptor, CD cluster of differentiation. 

Inhibition of human allergic T-helper type 2 immune responses by induced regulatory T cells requires the combination of interleukin- 10-treated dendritic cells and transforming growth factor-p for their induction. Clin Exp Allergy 2006 36 1546-1555. 

O T cells are the chief components initiating the immune response against the allograft. The activity of T cells is mediated largely through the synthesis and release of interleukin-2 (IL-2). 

Multiple factors play a role in the development of AOM. Viral infection of the nasopharynx impairs eustachian tube function and causes mucosal inflammation, impairing mucociliary clearance and promoting bacterial proliferation and infection. Children are predisposed to AOM because their eustachian tubes are shorter, more flaccid, and more horizontal than adults, which make them less functional for drainage and protection of the middle ear from bacterial entry. Clinical signs and symptoms of AOM are the result of host immune response and damage to cells caused by inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukins that are released from bacteria.4... 

Cytokines Regulatory proteins, such as interleukins and lympho-kines, that are released by cells of the immune system and act as intercellular mediators in the generation of an immune response. 

McKenzie, G.J., Bancroft, A.J., Grencis, R.K. and McKenzie, A.N.J. (1998b) A distinct role for interleukin-13 in Th2-cell-mediated immune responses. Current Biology 8, 339-342. 

DNA viruses modulate the host immune response, e.g., most likely the etiologic agent of Kaposfs sarcoma, KSHV (human herpes vims —8), has captured complement-binding proteins, three cytokines (two macrophage inflammatory proteins and interleukin 6), bcl-2, interferon regulatory factors, interleukin 8 receptor. Certain retroviruses... 

Biomedical research continues to broaden our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlining both health and disease. Research undertaken since the 1950s has pinpointed a host of proteins produced naturally in the body that have obvious therapeutic applications. Examples include the interferons and interleukins (which regulate the immune response), growth factors, such as erythropoietin (EPO which stimulates red blood cell production), and neurotrophic factors (which regulate the development and maintenance of neural tissue). 

IL-2, also known as T-cell growth factor, represents the most studied member of the interleukin family. It was the first T-cell growth factor to be identified and it plays a central role in the immune response. It is produced exclusively by T-lymphocytes (especially T-helper cells), in response to activation by antigen and mitogens. 

IL-2 acts as a critical autocrine growth factor for T-cells, and the magnitude of the T-cell response is largely dependent upon the level of IL-2 produced. IL-2 also serves as a growth factor for activated B-lymphocytes. In addition to promoting proliferation of these cells, IL-2 (as well as some other interleukins) stimulates enhanced antibody production and secretion. In this way, it effectively potentates the humoral immune response. 

Larsen, M.W. et ah, Ginseng modulates the immune response by induction of interleukin-12 production, Apmis, 112, 369, 2004. 

Erickson, K.L. et al., Development of an interleukin-2 receptor expression assay and its use in evaluation of cellular immune responses in bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), J. Wildlife. Dis., 31, 142, 1995. 

Dearman, R.J. et al., Interleukins 5 and 13 characterize immune responses to respiratory sensitizing acid anhydrides. J. Appl. Toxicol., 22, 317, 2002. 

Cytokines such as interferons are used for the treatment of hepatitis, cancer, and lymphoma interleukins are used to enhance immune response and growth factors are used for the treatment of anemia and regulation of tumor angiogenesis. 

Interleukin-6 as a Bridge between Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses... 

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