Bacterial promoter

Microbial-enhanced oil recovery involves injection of carefully chosen microbes. Subsequent injection of a nutrient is sometimes employed to promote bacterial growth. Molasses is the nutrient of choice owing to its low (ca 100/t) cost. The main nutrient source for the microbes is often the cmde oil in the reservoir. A rapidly growing microbe population can reduce the permeabiHty of thief zones improving volumetric sweep efficiency. Microbes, particularly species of Clostridium and Bacillus, have also been used to produce surfactants, alcohols, solvents, and gases in situ (270). These chemicals improve waterflood oil displacement efficiency (see also Bioremediation (Supplement)). 

Multiple factors play a role in the development of AOM. Viral infection of the nasopharynx impairs eustachian tube function and causes mucosal inflammation, impairing mucociliary clearance and promoting bacterial proliferation and infection. Children are predisposed to AOM because their eustachian tubes are shorter, more flaccid, and more horizontal than adults, which make them less functional for drainage and protection of the middle ear from bacterial entry. Clinical signs and symptoms of AOM are the result of host immune response and damage to cells caused by inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukins that are released from bacteria.4... 

Certain types of adsorption media have been shown to preferentially adsorb certain contaminants. For example, research has shown that, in some cases, coconut shell-based GAC removes MTBE better than typical coal-based GAC. In addition, synthetic resins have been developed to preferentially adsorb some oxygenates, such as TBA, that are less absorbable by GAC. Often, adsorption processes also take advantage of the biodegradability of MTBE and other oxygenates by promoting bacterial growth on the adsorption. 

Most trading polymers contain a variety of additives, e.g., plasticisers, lubricants, stabilisers, etc., and it is these additives that promote bacterial attack on the polymer. At the same time, degradation by other routes provides pathways for bacterial attack by creating hydrophilic surfaces. Because many industrial and domestic services are supplied by underground plastic pipes and cables, care must be taken when choosing additives to make sure that the polymer is not vulnerable to attack. 

Bacterial translocation is defined as the passage of viable indigenous bacteria from the GI tract to extraintesti-nal sites, such as the mesenteric lymph node complex, liver, spleen and bloodstream [183], Three major mechanisms promote bacterial translocation intestinal bacterial overgrowth, deficiencies in host immune defenses and increased permeability or damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier [184], These mechanisms can act in concert to promote synergistically the systemic spread of indigenous translocating bacteria to cause lethal sepsis. 

In intact skin, the use of antibiotics is extremely limited due to their specific antibacterial effect and the possible risk of promoting bacterial resistance. 

As the main surface component of the bacterial cell envelope LPS is thought to contribute to the restrictive Gram-negative membrane permeability, allowing bacterial growth in unfavourable environments such as those that may be encountered within or on plants. The exclusion of antimicrobial substances of plant origin probably contributes to the ability of pathogenic bacteria to parasitize plants. LPS-defective mutants show increased in vitro sensitivity to antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides and the numbers of viable bacteria often decline very rapidly upon introduction into plants. LPS may also promote bacterial adherence to plant surfaces (Newman et al., 2007). 

The presented study showed that LPS of E. coli exerts a dual effect on the mechanism of the acquisition of iron by bacteria. When LPS is injected into animals, it induces the development of hypoferremia. Thus, sera of LPS-treated animals exert much stronger inhibitory activity for bacteria than sera of untreated animals. However, when LPS is introduced on bacterial cells, it helps them to acquire iron from Tr-iron complexes and thus promotes bacterial multiplication in mammalian sera. In view of this, the LPS-induced hypoferremia should be considered as a protective response of the host to the iron-providing activity of LPS. 

In addition to health concerns, the presence of metal ions in water can bring about side effects such as bad taste, increase in turbidity and coloration, staining of fixtures in contact with water, and the like. Iron and manganese ions may also promote bacterial growth with its concomitant drawbacks (e.g., foul smell). Fortunately many methods of treatment are available, as discussed in Chapter 10. 

Enkephalins are pentapeptides that bind to opiate receptors. In the gut, enkephalins promote the absorption of sodium, chloride and water (Dobbins et al 1980). Racecadotril is an oral enkephalinase inhibitor used in France and the Philippines for the treatment of acute diarrhea. It prevents the degradation of endogenous opioids (enkephalins) and thus promotes absorption of water and electrolytes from the intestinal lumen (Matheson Noble 2000). Studies have demonstrated the efficacy of racecadotril in two models of hypersecretory diarrhea infusion of cholera toxin and castor oil induced diarrhea. Moreover, unlike loperamide, racecadotril did not prolong transit time in the small intestine or colon. Further experiments have shown that racecadotril does not promote bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine (Duval-Iflah et al 1999). There are no reports on the use of racecadotril in horses. 

Hence the deficiency of antimicrobial peptide production may account, at least in part, for the susceptibility of patients with AD to skin infections, promote bacterial colonization (e.g. S. aureus) and may, through the exposure to microbial products (e.g. superantigens, peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid), significantly contribute to the amplification of atopic skin inflammation. 

Antibacterial facewash Bacteriocides Triclosan, Benzalkonium chloride, Chlorohexidine Skin irritation, promotes bacterial resistance. Also found in toothpaste and mouthwash. 

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