Interference of atoms

An overview of commercial ICP mass spectrometers from different companies (quadrupole based ICP-MS with and without collision/reaction cell, double-focusing sector field instrumentation with single and multiple ion collectors, time-of-flight (ToF), ICP-ion trap-MS and non-commercial ICP-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometers is given in Figure 5.2. By using ion traps and FTICR mass spectrometers in ICP-MS isobaric interferences of atomic ions... 

Moens et al.124 demonstrated that ion-molecule reactions in a dynamic reaction cell (DRC) of ICP-QMS allow the 87Rb+/87Sr+ isobaric interference to be eliminated. A special ion-molecular reaction in a collision cell was studied in order to avoid this isobaric interference of atomic ions... 

Aleksandrov, E.B., Chaika, M.P. and Khvostenko, G.I. (1993). Interference of Atomic States (Springer-Verlag, New York). 

We are grateful to W. Hanle, the discoverer of Hanle effect , to E.K. Kraulinya and M.L. Janson, founders of the Riga school of experimental atomic physics, as well as to the founders of the St Petersburg school of the study of interference of atomic states M.P. Chaika, N.I. Kaliteyevskii, E.B. Aleksandrov. Encouragement and approval from all these scientists gave us the confidence necessary to proceed with this work. 

Abstract. This paper examines two theoretical aspects of the interference of atomic states in hydrogen which comes from the application of an external electric field F to the 2s metastable state. The radiative corrections to the Bethe-Lamb formula and anisotropy contribution to the angular distribution, which arises from interference between electric-field-induced El-radiation and forbidden Ml-radiation, are analysed. 

The develoment of a quantum mechanical approach to nature has given rise to a number of key problems which have as yet no comprehensive solution. Thus, further study of wave properties in microobjects and the comparison of obtained results and theory is necessary. However, one should note that the number of modern experiments demonstrating the phenomena of particle-wave duality is rather limited and they do not allow one to begin to solve vaguely formulated problems. It is probably fair to say, therefore, that some small-scale effects, which nevertheless play an important role, are neglected in many experimental techniques. If one seeks new approaches, it makes sense to study the interference of atomic states, since the interference pattern is extremely sensitive to the characteristics of its components which can manifest themselves in some new, previously unknown ways. 

A few years ago I proposed a method (the "atomic interferometer" method) which allows one to observe a stationary interference pattern for a long time while being able to arbitrarily change the phase shift, thus noticeably improving the accuracy of measurement. The interference of atomic states can be observed, in principle, with the aid of a device similar in main details to a standard two beam optical interferometer (e.g. Michelson s interferometer). 

A general problem in trace, species and isotope analysis is possible isobaric interferences. In all mass spectrometric techniques, the ability to determine several isotopes is limited due to the occurrence of isobaric interferences of atomic ions of analyte with isobaric atomic ions (e.g., Zr and Mo ) or polyatomic ions (e.g., and at the same nominal mass. Due to the slight mass... 

The 1.9 psec modulation is thus understood as originating from a modulation of the dipole density at a single transition and not from an interference of atomic radiators working on different transitions. All our results are accounted for except the depth of modulation. Vfe believe this is due to jitter in the temporal delay we mechanically introduce. 

Long-lived radioisotope analysis is based on the measurement of a very small isotopic ratio. Usually, small amounts of chemically prepared pure samples (in the form of elements or compounds) rather than the original samples are used in the ion source. The element-preconcentration is performed during the preparation of the AMS sample. Since the natural abundances of long-lived radioisotopes are usually very low in terrestrial materials, the contamination by the radioisotope itself from the environment is not a severe problem. The background may come from interferences of atomic and molecular species, stable isobars and isotopes, which can be discriminated effectively by AMS. Consequently, high sensitivities can be achieved in the AMS measurements of the radioisotopes ( °Be, Al, Si, Cl, Ca, etc.) for tracer studies. The... 

P. Storey, M. Collett, and D. Walls. Measmement-induced diffraction and interference of atoms. 

The main effects of laser-controlled atomic-beam optics are as follows (1) colli-mation of atomic beams, (2) reflection, (3) focusing, (4) guiding in hollow fibers, and (5) interferometry. The collimation of an atomic beam by making use of 2D laser cooling has already been considered in Section 5.4.2, and the laser guiding of atoms in a hollow optical fiber in Section 6.1.3. Therefore, we shall briefly consider the atomic reflection (atomic mirrors), atomic-beam focusing, and interferometry effects. In the latter case, laser radiation is used to produce the atomic beams necessary for the observation of the interference of atoms. 

Dubetskii, B. Yu., Kazantsev, A. P., Chebotayev, V. P., and Yakovlev, V. P. (1985). Interference of atoms in spatially-separated optical fields. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, 89, 1190-1204. 

Next we proceed to develop the theory o resonance fluorescence experiments using the ensemble density matrix to describe the system of atoms. The important concepts of optical and radio-frequency coherence and of the interference of atomic states are discussed in detail. As an illustration of this theory general expressions describing the Hanle effect experiments are obtained. These are evaluated in detail for the frequently employed example of atoms whose angular momentum quantum numbers in the ground and excited levels are J =0 and Jg=l respectively. Finally resonance fluorescence experiments using pulsed or modulated excitation are described. 

Radio-frequency coh,erence and interference of atomic states. The off-diagonal elements of the excited state atomic density matrix,, are complex numbers whose... 

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