Temporal Delay

Elastic scattering is also the basis for Hdar, in which a laser pulse is propagated into a telescope s field of view, and the return signal is collected for detection and in some cases spectral analysis (14,196). The azimuth and elevation of the scatterers (from the orientation of the telescope), their column density (from the intensity), range (from the temporal delay), and velocity (from Doppler shifts) can be deterrnined. Such accurate, rapid three-dimensional spatial information about target species is useful in monitoring air mass movements and plume transport, and for tracking aerosols and pollutants (197). 

Figure 13. Action spectrum of the linear He I Cl complex near the He + I Cl(By = 2) dissociation limit obtained by scanning the excitation laser through the ICl B—X, 2-0 region and monitoring the l Cl E—>X fluorescence induced by the temporally delayed probe laser, which was fixed on the l Cl E—B, 11-2 band head, (a). The transition energy is plotted relative to the I Cl B—X, 2-0 band origin, 17,664.08 cm . Panels (b), (c), and (d) are the rotational product state spectra obtained when fixing the excitation laser on the lines denoted with the corresponding panel letter. The probe laser was scanned through the ICl B—X, 11-2 region. Modified with permission from Ref. [51].

A first description of the microhotplate in AHDL was developed, which calculates the power dissipated by the polysilicon heater as shown in Fig. 3.3 [89]. The calculated power serves as input for a look-up table with the measured values of the power dissipated by a normalized polysilicon resistor, which then provides the corresponding microhotplate temperature. The model extracts the microhotplate temperature from the table. This microhotplate temperature is subject to temporal delay... 

Figure 10.2 Normalized effect-plasma drug concentration state space for the indirect link model. As time flows (indicated by arrows) a counterclockwise hysteresis loop is formed. The rate constant for drug removal from the effect compartment ky characterizes the temporal delay, that is, the degree of hysteresis.

Quality Control Data. Data obtained from assays of blood gas and pH control materials may be handled in the same way as data from other clinical chemistry determinations (i.e., mean, SD, and coefficient of variation, and control and confidence limits for construction of Levey-Jennings plots). As stability of commercial aqueous control materials is generally several months, vendors often provide data reduction programs that standardize and simplify documentation. However, the resulting reports are temporally delayed and are most useful for meeting accreditation requirements as opposed to real-time corrective or preventive action. They are however useful to compare long-term performances with other laboratories. Equally important features of quality assurance to an active blood gas service are the sixth sense of practiced operators for detecting subtle manifestations of deterioration of instrument performance and the suspicion of trouble expressed by clinicians. 

The early stages of fertilization begin prior to gamete contact with the process of sperm capacitation. Sperm that are released from mammalian caudae epididymides are able to carry out only a restricted set of physiological processes and are unable to fertilize eggs. Capacitation describes the time-dependent development of fertility. This process was first identified during in-vivo experiments as a temporal delay in fertilization when animals were mated after the time of ovulation (Austin, 1951, 1952 Chang, 1951). 

The laser beams were focused on the surface of the metallic samples (Ag, Cu) placed in the cell with liquid (water). The laser beams were employed for ablation both singly and together with appropriate temporal delays between pulses. The power density at the target was in the range of 10 -10 W/cm. ... 

Before proceeding to discuss these various methods it is perhaps helpful to clarify terminology with regard to the terms time-resolved and transient RR. The latter term is used in the case where a single laser pulse is used to both photolyze and probe the sample. The term time-resolved is appropriate in cases where the beam used to probe the photo-lyzed sample is temporally delayed with respect to the photolysis pulse (the pump pulse). In such an experiment the reaction is initiated by a short photolysis pulse, and the RR spectrum is acquired using a probe pulse which is delayed with respect to the pump pulse. The temporal evolution of the system can thus be documented by performing a series of such experiments where the delay time between the pump and probe pulses is varied. 

In a TR study of the i (Fe-N ) mode of photolyzed HbCO, Scott and Friedman documented the temporal evolution of this mode. In contrast to the transient RR studies mentioned above, the TR experiments were conducted in such a way that a blue (435 nm) probe pulse was temporally delayed relative to the photolysis pulse. As can be seen in Fig. 20, the frequency of the i (Fe-N ) mode shifts from 230 cm" for the 10 nsec photoproduct to slightly lower frequencies over the first 9 fisec to a value which is characteristic of an R-state deoxyHb, Hb Kempsey, Only after longer times does the photoproduct undergo full relaxation to the equilib-... 

The bottom three traces in Fig. 23 depict difference spectra which were generated by subtraction of the HbCO spectrum from that obtained in the dual-pulse experiments. In these experiments a (10 nsec) 532 nm photolysis pulse instantaneously creates the Hb photoproduct. If the approximately 230 nm probe pulse is not temporally delayed with respect to the photolysis pulse (bottom trace), no difference is observed, that is, the photoproduct has an R-state structure. When the probe pulse is delayed... 

E. Paspalakis, M. Protopapas, P.L. Knight, Population transfer through the continuum with temporally delayed chirped laser pulses. Opt. Commun. 142 (1997) 34. 

This chapter deals with three topics in HCI where the use of psychophysiology has become a formidable research tool quantifying workload imposed by computerization of workplaces, determining adverse affects of temporal delays in HCI caused by features ofthe computer system, and measuring the psychophysiological benefit of test breaks during computer work. 

Recognizing the faet the seattering process occurs on a very short timescale of 10 s, it becomes evident that short-pulse-width lasers can be used to acquire RR spectra of transient species that can be generated by a photolysis pulse. In favorable cases the species of interest can be prepared and interrogated within the same laser pulse, whereas in other situations a short probe pulse is temporally delayed relative to an initial pump pulse, the latter protocol properly being called time-resolved resonance Raman or TR spectroscopy. 

The 1.9 psec modulation is thus understood as originating from a modulation of the dipole density at a single transition and not from an interference of atomic radiators working on different transitions. All our results are accounted for except the depth of modulation. Vfe believe this is due to jitter in the temporal delay we mechanically introduce. 

We assume that the fault is abrupt. Then, for each fault candidate, we generate the qualitative trend (QT), i.e., change in magnitude, slope, and so on, of the output immediately after inception of the fault. The forward propagation of the TCG takes account of temporal delays encountered in the path. 

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