Interface analysis structure

Various forms of off- and on-line AES/AAS can achieve element specific detection in IC. The majority of atomic emission techniques for detection in IC are based on ICP. In the field of speciation analysis both IC-ICP-AES and IC-ICP-MS play an important role. Besides the availability of the ICP ion source for elemental MS analysis, structural information can be provided by interfaces and ion sources like particle beam or electrospray. 

Refs. [i] Hoke R (2008) Surface and interface analysis an electrochemists toolbox. Springer, Berlin [ii] Tadjeddine A, Peremans A (1998) Non-linear optical spectroscopy of the electrochemical interface. In Clark RJH, Hester RE (eds) Advances in spectroscopy (spectroscopy for surface science), vol. 26. Wiley, Chichester, p 159 [iii] Shen YR (1990) In Gutierrez C, Melendres C (eds) Spectroscopic and diffraction techniques in interfacial electrochemistry (NATO ASI series C, vol. 320). Kluwer, Dordrecht, p 281 [iv] Shen YR (1986) Applications of optical second-harmonic generation to surface science. In Hall RB, Ellis AB (eds) Chemistry and structure at interfaces. VCH, Deerfield Beach, p 151 [v] Williams CT, Beattie DA (2002) SurfSci 500 545... 

Studies of interfacial reactions include analysis of both the bulk phases and their interface. Analysis means using not only qualitative and quantitative analytical methods, but also structural studies of the phases and an investigation of the chemical species present by means of thermodynamic calculations and/or experimental techniques. For the interfacial studies on rocks and soils, many different classical and novel methods can be used. In this chapter, the most important methods used for the analysis of solid, liquid, and interface will be presented. 

Chemical applications of Mnssbauer spectroscopy are broad (291—293) determination of electron configurations and assignment of oxidation states in structural chemistry polymer properties studies of surface chemistry, corrosion, and catalysis and metal-atom bonding in biochemical systems. There are also important applications to materials science and metaUuigy (294,295) (see Surface AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS). 

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) or ac impedance methods have seen a tremendous increase in popularity in recent years. Initially applied to the determination of the double-layer capacitance " and in ac polarography, " they are now used to characterize electrode processes and complex interfaces. This method studies the system response to the application of a periodic small-amplitude ac signal. The measurements are carried out at different ac frequencies and thus the name impedance spectroscopy was later adopted. Analysis of the system response contains information about the interface, its structure, and the reactions taking place there. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is now described in the... 

The investigation of the interface of a real device contact with siuface sensitive techniques is generally not possible, since the interface is buried and these techniques penetrate only a few atomic layers. However, an interface analysis with, e.g., electron spectroscopic techniques would be highly desirable since these methods provide valuable (semi-) quantitative information on the electronic structure and ehemical interaction in the contact regime. To tackle this problem, i.e. to aecess the buried interface, we have applied a lift-off technique, whieh is illustrated in Figure 14.8a and was previously developed by our group [30]. Therefore, we prepared a sample sandwich which consists of the aetual model OFET, i.e. a gold film deposited on a DIP film that itself... 

Rapid advances in semiconductor techrwlogy, including thin film formation by deposition, interface preparation or microstructuring, demand characterization techniques that provide understanding of the fundamental processes involved, including information on structural order—disorder and spatial inhomogeneity. Raman spectroscopy is used both in process control and quality assessment [34]. Typical examples of semiconductor applications are composition determination, analysis of crystal structure, surface and interface analysis, phase determination, doping, point defects, temperature influence and mechanical stress. 

The soluble polyester synthase converts into an amphipathic molecule upon availability of substrate and subsequent hydrophobic polyester chain elongation [15]. This leads to self-assembly of so-called PHA granules with the hydrophobic PHA in the core and the active polyester synthases at the surface, representing the water-polyester interface. Analysis of the granule-associated polyester synthase from R. eutropha showed about 40-fold increased enzyme activity, as compared with the soluble enzyme [46]. This data suggests that interfacial activation occurred and a lid-like structure as found in lipases and also found in the R. eutropha polyester synthase model may also play a role in polyester synthases [37]. 

Tougaard S (1998) Accuracy of the non-destructive surface nano-structure quantification technique based on analysis of the XPS or AES peakshape. Surface Interface Analysis 26 249-269 and www.quases.com... 

A similar advantage of SALI over SIMS is seen at solid-solid interfaces. Monitoring the migration of implanted F in SiOi/Si structures during annealing is a technologically important issue, unattainable in SIMS because of the matrix-enhanced peak at the Si-SiOi interface. Analysis of the same sample with SALI yields a smooth fluorine distribution across the interface as expected. 

Zhadan PA, Grey D, Castle JE, Surface structure of the PAN based carbon fibres studied by the Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM), Surface Interface Analysis, 22, 290-295, 1994. 

Manso M., Herrero P., Fernandez M., Langlet M., Martinez-Duart J.M. Textured hydroxyapatite interface onto biomedical Ti based coatings. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2003 64 600-605 Manso M., Langlet M., Fernandez M., Vazquez L., Martinez-Duart J.M. Surface and interface analysis of hydroxyapatite/Ti02 biocompatible structures. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2003 23 451-453... 

Figure 9-22. The user interface of SONNIA presenting the analysis results. The left-hand side gives the Kohonen network, which can be investigated by clicking on each neuron oFinterest, The contents of the neuron, here the structures, are shown in an individual window illustrated on the right-hand side of the figure.

MacroModel (we tested Version 6.5) is a powerful molecular mechanics program. The program can be run from either its graphic interface or an ASCII command file. The command file structure allows very complex simulations to be performed. The XCluster utility permits the analysis and filtering of a large number of structures, such as Monte Carlo or dynamics trajectories. The documentation is very thorough. 

Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectrometry (SNMS) is the mass spectrometric analysis of sputtered atoms ejected from a solid surface by energetic ion bombardment. The sputtered atoms are ionized for mass spectrometric analysis by a mechanism separate from the sputtering atomization. As such, SNMS is complementary to Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), which is the mass spectrometric analysis of sputtered ions, as distinct from sputtered atoms. The forte of SNMS analysis, compared to SIMS, is the accurate measurement of concentration depth profiles through chemically complex thin-film structures, including interfaces, with excellent depth resolution and to trace concentration levels. Genetically both SALI and GDMS are specific examples of SNMS. In this article we concentrate on post ionization only by electron impact. 

Applications of CL to the analysis of electron beam-sensitive materials and to depth-resolved analysis of metal-semiconductor interfaces by using low electron-beam energies (on the order of 1 keV) will be extended to other materials and structures. 

Perhaps the best examples to illustrate the analysis strength of XPD and AED are the epitaxial growth modes of deposited overlayers. Here, the structure and chemistry of an overlayer, or the new interface, will influence the properties of the film. To control such effects, an understanding of the basic structure and chemistry is essential. Epitaxial Cu on Ni (001) is an excellent example for demonstrating the... 

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