Interface analysis, analytical

Special purpose articles describe analytical methodology for specialized systems such as art objects, surfaces, or residues (see Fine ART examination AND CONSERVATION NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS and, Trace AND RESIDUE ANALYSIS). Many of the techniques Utilized for these systems ate also discussed ia materials charactetizatioa and separations articles. The methodology and some of the techniques are unique, however, and the emphasis ia these special topics articles is oa appHcatioa to a particular system. 

In the analysis of polymer surfaces and interfaces there has been tremendous progress in recent years. This is to a large extent due to the development of surface- and interface-sensitive analytical techniques which previously had not been applied to polymers. It is thus possible to achieve molecular resolution both for the free polymer surface and for buried interfaces between polymers. In addition, suitable sample preparation techniques are available and extremely homogeneous and smooth polymer thin films can be prepared. They may be put together to investigate the interface between polymers. 

Studies of interfacial reactions include analysis of both the bulk phases and their interface. Analysis means using not only qualitative and quantitative analytical methods, but also structural studies of the phases and an investigation of the chemical species present by means of thermodynamic calculations and/or experimental techniques. For the interfacial studies on rocks and soils, many different classical and novel methods can be used. In this chapter, the most important methods used for the analysis of solid, liquid, and interface will be presented. 

Despite the high performance of selected interface types, analyte deposition and MS analysis have to be synchronized which restricts the available time window, for... 

Interface analysis is one field of special interest for LIBS. The analytical aim is usually the description of a sample or zone thereof where an abrupt change in the identity or concentration of its components occurs. The suitability of LIBS for this type of application lies in the ability to associate spectral data to the spatial coordinates of the sample. 

M.D. Luque de Castro, M.T. Tena, Solid interfaces as analytical problem solvers in flow injection analysis, Talanta 40 (1993) 21. 

Petrochemicals and Plastics Division, Middlesbrough, UK, responsible for the development and application o-f surface analytical techniques. For several years a major interest has been modification of polymer surfaces for adhesion enhancement. More recently he has developed SIMS for high resolution surface analysis of organic materials. He has edited two books on surface analytical techniques and authored over 60 publications. He is the founder and editor-in-chief of the international journal "Surface and Interface Analysis."... 

The principal analytical methods employed in the analysis of pharmaceuticals in aqueous environmental samples include both GC and FC coupled to MS or MS/MS. In general, FC-MS methods have demonstrated lower relative standard deviations than GC-MS methods that have derivatization prior to analysis. FC-ESI-MS/MS is presented as the technique of choice for polar, unstable, and high molecular mass compounds, such as most pharmaceuticals and their metabolites. MS detection has preferably been performed with the ESI interface. An analytical protocol applying FC-ESI-MS/MS with previous filtration of the water sample, with addition of NaiEDTA to avoid complexation of analytes (especially tetracyclines) with metals present in the water, was proposed for the analysis of antibiotics corresponding to the classes of macrolides, sulfonamides, penicillins, and tetracyclines in water samples. 

Forthcoming books in the Techniques in Analytical Chemistry Series will cover a variety of techniques including chemometric methods, biosensors, surface and interface analysis, measurements in biological systems, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and other significant topics. The editors welcome your comments and suggestions regarding current and future titles, and hope you find the series useful. 

Peres, P, Merkulov, A., Desse, F, Schuhmacher, M. (2011) SIMS analytical technique for PV applications. Surface and Interface Analysis, 43, 643-645. 

Fast sputtering techniques such as pulsed RF GD-TOFMS induce new considerations on analytical procedures for surface and interface analysis. 

In addition to the individnal techniqnes cited above, there are sitnations where individnal samples are snbjected to a common atmosphere and thermal environment. This is referred to as a concurrent analysis. An example of this is the combined DTA and TGA measin-ement, where two separate measurement devices share the same oven. In some cases two or more measnrements are performed on the same sample. There is also the possibility of interfacing several techniqnes, such as TGA combined with some form of evolved gas analysis snch as gas chromatography, Mass Spectrometry (qv), or infrared spectroscopy (or some combination of these) (see Chromatography, AFPmiTY Vibrational Spectroscopy). This situation is referred to as coupling or a coupled technique. Since the possibilities for interfacing several analytical techniques are quite large, conciurent or coupled techniques will not be considered further in this presentation. 

Depth concentration measurement is an important application of surface analytical methods. Examples are depth distribution of additives in plastics, or interface analysis where polymers are in contact with metals or ceramics. All surface methods with a good depth resolution (XPS, AES, SIMS) are suitable for depth or profile measurements. Complete multilayer coating systems require analytical methods that are applicable to small sample sizes and low concentrations. Techniques for obtaining chemical composition and component distribution depth profiles for automotive coating systems, both in-plane (or slab) microtomy and cross-section microtomy, include /xETIR, /xRS, ToE-SIMS, optical microscopy, TEM, as well as solvent extraction followed by HPLC, as illustrated by Adamsons et al. [5]. Surface and interface/interphase analysis can now be done routinely on both simple monolayer coatings and complex multicomponent, multilayered... 

So far the description is entirely general realization of the general components in terms of the different types of stimulus and of means of gathering in-fonnation leads naturally to the many analytical techniques available. Now suppose that one of the dimensions of the information volume is limited to between one and a few atomic diameters as a result of the choice of operating parameters of the stimulus. Such a limitation has the effect that the volume becomes quasi-two-dimensional. If the system being interrogated is a solid, the information volume must then correspond to the surface of the solid, and the relevant techniques are those whose information content is specific to the surface. For "interrogation now read "surface and interface analysis. ... 

No analytical service can operate efficiently without the internal procedures which can be lumped together under the heading of good housekeeping." Such procedures are basically commonsense routines that ensure that both personnel and instruments function smoothly and reliably, that proper records are kept and kept up-to-the-minute, that specimens are not mislaid, mishandled or cross-contaminated, that reports are compiled and sent on time, that customers are always fully informed, that safety standards are being met. etc. The volume will have much to say about the esoteric aspects of surface and interface analysis. It must always be borne in mind, however, that attention to detail is at least as important to the final outcome. 

The combined use of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and TEM/STEM is a routine method of analytical electron microscopy enabling both qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis of interfaces and interlayers with high lateral resolution. Reso-... 

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