Functional analogs

The principle of applying fuzzy logic to matching of spectra is that, given a sample spectrum and a collection of reference spectra, in a first step the reference spectra are unified and fuzzed, i.e., around each characteristic line at a certain wavenumber k, a certain fuzzy interval [/ o - Ak, + Afe] is laid. The resulting fuzzy set is then intersected with the crisp sample spectrum. A membership function analogous to the one in Figure 9-25 is applied. If a line of the sample spec-... 

FIGURE 15.38 The structures of inositol pentaphosphate and inositol hexaphosphate, the functional analogs of BPG in birds and reptiles. 

Again the set of fitting functions may or may not be the same as the orbital and/or the density basis functions. Once the potential has been fitted, the exchange—correlation energy may be evaluated from integrals involving three functions, analogously to eq. 

Antispasmodic activity, interestingly, is maintained even in the face of the deletion of the ethanolamine ester side chain. Reaction of anisaldehyde with potassium cyanide and dibutylamine hydrochloride affords the corresponding a-aminonitrile (72) (a functionality analogous to a cyanohydrin). Treatment with sulfuric acid hydrolyzes the nitrile to the amide to yield ambucet-amide (73). ... 

Molecular similarity searching provides the possibility of finding unrelated but functionally analogous molecules. This is a very nice feature because many distinct structures in contact with a CSP often share the same active sites. The compounds which have a structure similar to the structure of the sample query can be displayed automatically in order of their similarity. The degree of similarity is measured by a numerical value on a scale of 0 to 100 that may be included in the output form. An example of a similarity search is shown in Fig. 4-3. In this example, a search is being performed for the AZT with a similarity value >65 %. 

Liquid-cooled cold plates perform a function analogous to that of air-cooled heat sinks. Unlike heat pipes, they may be considered active devices in that the liquid is usually forced through them by a pump. 

Grill, E., Winnacker, E.-L. Zenk, M.H. (1987). Phytochelatins, a class of heavy-metal-binding peptides from plants, are functionally analogous to metallo-thioneins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 84, 439-43. 

In striated muscle, there are two other proteins that are minor in terms of their mass but important in terms of their function. Tropomyosin is a fibrous molecule that consists of two chains, alpha and beta, that attach to F-actin in the groove between its filaments (Figure 49-3). Tropomyosin is present in all muscular and muscle-fike structures. The troponin complex is unique to striated muscle and consists of three polypeptides. Troponin T (TpT) binds to tropomyosin as well as to the other two troponin components. Troponin I (Tpl) inhibits the F-actin-myosin interaction and also binds to the other components of troponin. Troponin C (TpC) is a calcium-binding polypeptide that is structurally and functionally analogous to calmodulin, an important calcium-binding protein widely distributed in nature. Four molecules of calcium ion are bound per molecule of troponin C or calmodulin, and both molecules have a molecular mass of 17 kDa. 

Boulatov R, Collman JP, Shiryaeva IM, Sunderland CJ. 2002. Functional analogs of the O2 reduction site of cytochrome oxidase Mechanistic aspects and possible effects of Cug. J Am Chem Soc 124 11923... 

JAKs and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are functionally analogous with IRS and PI3K. JAKs are physically associated with a cell surface receptor (e.g. for leptin, erythropoietin (EPO), growth factors or cytokines) STATs are free monomeric proteins within the cytosol but following phosphorylation by a JAK, individual proteins dimerize and then move into the nucleus of the cell where they control gene expression. 

While the functional analogy between ThiS, MoaD, and ubiquitin-like modifiers is widely accepted, the two protein classes are frequently described as unrelated sometimes even a convergent evolution to the energetically favorable ubiquitin fold is discussed. Despite these claims, there is a statistically significant sequence... 

Xi, J., Ge, Y., Kinsland, C., McLafferty, F. W., and Begley, T. P., Biosynihesis of the fhiazole moiety of thiamin in Escherichia coli identification of an acyldistdfide-linked protein—protein conjugate that is functionally analogous to the ubiquitin/El complex, Proc. Natl. 

Insights into the evolution of H2 metabolism can be gained by the comparison of different hydrogenases at the primary sequence level. The choice of which proteins to compare is influenced by the number of sequences available, their occurrence and the presumption of functional analogy. This approach was thoroughly explored by Wu and... 

In the present work, we must carry out transformations of the dipole moment functions analogous to those descrihed for triatomic molecules in Refs. [18,19]. Our approach to this problem is completely different from that made in Refs. [18,19]. We do not transform analytical expressions for the body-fixed dipole moment components (/Zy, fiy, fi ). Instead we obtain, at each calculated ab initio point, discrete values of the dipole moment components fi, fiy, fif) in the xyz axis system, and we fit parameterized, analytical functions of our chosen vibrational coordinates (see below) through these values. This approach has the disadvantage that we must carry out a separate fitting for each isotopomer of a molecule Different isotopomers with the same geometrical structure have different xyz axis systems (because the Eckart and Sayvetz conditions depend on the nuclear masses) and therefore different dipole moment components (/Z, fiy, fij. We resort to the approach of transforming the dipole moment at each ab initio point because the direct transformation of analytical expressions for the body-fixed dipole moment components (/Zy, fiyi, fi i) is not practicable for a four-atomic molecule. The fact that the four-atomic molecule has six vibrational coordinates causes a huge increase in the complexity of the transformations relative to that encountered for the triatomic molecules (with three vibrational coordinates) treated in Refs. [18,19]. 

General transcription factors (GTFs) that bind to eukaryotic promoters are functionally analogous to a factor in prokaryotes. 

The correlation seems initially documented by Duchamp s Note 122 where, besides hurriedly sketching a Bragdonlike fourth-dimensional spiral (see fig. 23), Duchamp additionally tells himself to study the problem of the rod thrown into relief. Noircarme s functionally analogous fourth-dimensional example of la tige en ressort (as Duchamp described it) reads as follows ... 

The correct answer is choice d, wound. This is a use or function analogy in both sets of words—aspirin and headache, bandage and wound—something is used for something else. Aspirin is used to treat a headache,... 

The number of patients not yet relapsed versus time was plotted in Figure 5-6 to address the question of whether recurrence occurred at a constant or varying rate. When the data for % long-term placebo treatment were analyzed, relapses tended to occur along an exponential function analogous to that seen with the half-life of drugs in plasma (211). This indicates that relapse occurs at a constant rate. 

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