Insulin embryo

Mendez E., J.V. Planas, J. Castillo, I. Navarro, and J. Gutierrez (2001). Identification of a Type II insulin-like growth factor receptor in fish embryos. Endocrinology 142 1090-1097. 

There are ethical considerations in the use of stem cells for research and therapy. ESCs have been derived from the ICM of human embryos (hECSs) [18]. hESCs are derived from leftover frozen embryos, created for in vitro fertilization, destined to be discarded. Because it involves the destruction of embryos, there is a debate over the use of hESCs for research and therapy. On one hand, there are scientific reports and evidence that ESCs, including hESCs, differentiate into various cell types of the body, such as neuronal and insulin producing cells [19], backing the scientific claim of the potential of ESCs for therapy. On the other hand, opponents of the use of hESCs for research and therapy argue that it is morally unacceptable to destroy human life. The scientific and ethical debate over the use of hESCs for research and therapy considerably slows stem cell research. 

Goodridge and co-workers (see Ref. 76) have developed a system of chick embryo hepatocytes which, when cultured in defined medium, respond to T3, insulin and glucagon. Low concentrations of T3 (K50 4xl0 n M) increase by 15-fold the malic enzyme level and 7-fold the concentration of its mRNA [77]. Insulin alone had no effect both on the enzyme and the mRNA levels, whereas in combination with T3 it caused an 11-fold increase in malic enzyme mRNA levels. Glucagon almost completely abolished the stimulatory effect caused by insulin + T3. Experiments performed with puromycin showed that this inhibitor of protein translation blocks the accumulation of malic enzyme mRNA stimulated by T3 suggesting that most of the T3 effect on malic enzyme takes place at a post-transcriptional step. Glucagon had no effect on transcription but caused malic enzyme mRNA to decay... 

Hormones Hormones are messenger molecules that carry signals from one part of the body to another. Some hormones are proteins. Insulin, a familiar example, is a small (51 amino acids) protein hormone made by cells in the pancreas. When insulin is released into the bloodstream, it signals body cells that blood sugar is abundant and should be stored. A lack of insulin results in diabetes, a disease in which there is too much sugar in the bloodstream. Another protein hormone, chorionic gonadotropin, is synthesized by a developing embryo. Release of this hormone causes the development of a placenta that nourishes the embryo. 

ES-D3 Mouse embryo Pluripotent embryonic stem cell Insulin production... 

Kajiyoshi, M. Incorporation of ethanol-amine into insulin-sensitive glycosylated phosphatidylinositol of chick embryo fibroblasts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2000,... 

Human development begins from an embryo, which is the result of cell proliferation and differentiation that led to the formation of more than 700 cell types containing over a trillion cells as an adult. Each cell type contains the same genome but a different proteome because of the differential expression of genes that characterize the structure and function of a particular cell type thus, a neuron cell is much different from a muscle cell. These cell types have an entirely different protein profile that gives the neuron cell and the muscle cell their characteristic structure and function. These two cell types differ in many proteins. Several cell types predominantly produce only a few but different proteins. For example, the beta cells of the pancreas predominantly make insulin, whereas the erythrocytes make hemoglobin... 

Bosca, L., Rousseau, G.G. Hue, L. (1985). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and inSulin increase the concentration of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate and stimulate glycolysis in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Proc. Natl Acad, Sci. USA, 82, 6440-4. 

Campbell, R. Langslow, D.R. (1978). The effect of insulin administration in ovo on glucose-6-phosphatase in chick embryos. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 6, 149-52. 

Hamer, M.J. Dickson, A.J. (1990). Control of glycolysis in cultured chick embryo hepatcxy tes. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate content and phosphofructokinase-1 activity are stimulated by insulin and epidermal growth factor. Biochem. ]., 269, 685-90. 

Jeffrey, I.W. Pain, V.M. (1993). Stimulation by insulin of protein synthesis in cultured chick embryo fibroblasts. Biochimie, 75, 791-6. 

Yang, Y.W.-H., Browa D.R., Robcis, H.L., Rechler, M.M. de Pablo, F. (1993). Developmental regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 in chick embryo serum and vitreous humor. Reg. Peptides, 48, 145-55. 

Erikson E, Stefanovic D, Blenis J, Erikson RL, Mailer JL. 1987. Antibodies to Xenopus egg S6 kinase II recognize S6 kinase from progesterone- and insulin-stimulated Xenopus oocytes and from proliferating chicken embryo fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 7(9) 3147-3155. 

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