Post-transcriptionally

ChEs present a wide molecular diversity that modulates their function in cholinergic synapses and non-synaptic contexts. This diversity arises at the genetic, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. 

OiDomenico, B.J., Bugaisky, G.E., Lindquist, S. (1982). The heat shock response is self-regulated at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Cell 31,593-603. 

Yost, H.J., Petersen, R.B., Lindquist, S. (1990). Post-transcriptional regulation of heat shock protein synthesis in Drosophila In Stress Proteins in Biology and Medicine (Morimoto, R., Tissieres, A. Georgopoulos, C., eds.), pp. 379-409, CSH Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor. 

Johnston IN, Milligan ED, Wieseler-Frank J, Frank MG, Zapata V, Campisi J (2004) A role for proinflammatory cytokines and fractaUdne in analgesia, tolerance, and subsequent pain facilitation induced by chronic intrathecal morphine. J Neurosci 24(33) 7353-7365 Kim YS, Panganiban AT (1993) The full-length tat protein is required for TAR-independent, post-transcriptional trans activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env gene expression. J Virol 67(7) 3739-3747... 

Clearly, the control of gene expression at the transcriptional level is a key regulatory mechanism controlling carotenogenesis in vivo. However, post-transcriptional regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes has been found in chromoplasts of the daffodil. The enzymes phytoene synthase (PSY) and phytoene desaturase (PDS) are inactive in the soluble fraction of the plastid, but are active when membrane-bound (Al-Babili et al, 1996 Schledz et al, 1996). The presence of inactive proteins indicates that a post-translational regulation mechanism is present and is linked to the redox state of the membrane-bound electron acceptors. In addition, substrate specificity of the P- and e-lycopene cyclases may control the proportions of the p, P and P, e carotenoids in plants (Cunningham et al, 1996). 

PARKER R A, PEARCE B 0, CLARK R w, GORDON D A, WRIGHT J J (1993) Tocotrienols regulate cholesterol production in mammalian cells by post-transcriptional suppression of 3-hydroxy 3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. J Biol Chem, 268 11230-38. 

Using human hepatoma-derived cell lines Kong et al. [268] showed that berberine increased mRNA and protein as well as the function of hepatic linear low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). It does not stimulate the transcription of LDLR, as the LDLR promoter activity was not increased by this compound. Post-transcriptional regulation appears to be the main working mechanism underlying the effect of this alkaloid on LDLR expression. It was proposed that berberine can be used as a monotherapy to treat hypercholes-terolemic patients [268]. Very recently it was observed [269] that berberine reduces cholesterol and Upid accumulations in plasma as well as Uver. 

Goldman, D. S., Kiessling, A. A., and Cooper, G. M. (1988). Post-transcriptional processing suggests that c-mos functions as a maternal message in mouse eggs. Oncogene 3 159-162. 

How might cellular growth drive Gl/S transitions A mechanism in which an unstable, translationally regulated protein limits Gl/S transitions provides one possible explanation. Consistent with this, we found that ectopic Rasvl2 or d-Myc increased levels of cyclin E, and that this effect was post-transcriptional (Prober ... 

Thus the intrinsic timer in OPCs is complex. Some proteins increase over time and others decrease, and both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms seem to be involved. 

A mbros Less is known about how cki-1 is shut off in VPCs than about how cki-1 is turned on in these cells. However, when we misexpress lin-14 late in development, it will maintain cki-1 expression later than in the normal vulval lineage. Therefore, extinction of cki-1 expression in VPCs is influenced by some activity that is in turn dependent on lin-14 down-regulation. All our cki-1 expression constructs retain the 3hUTR of cki-1 (Hong et al 1998), and so the dynamic cki-1 expression we observe could reflect post-transcriptional regulation in addition to transcription regulation. 

Tsai KC, C.V., Kohn DT, Neve RL, Per-rone-Bizzozero NI. Post-transcriptional regulation of the GAP-43 gene by specif-... 

Wilson KF. Signal transduction and post-transcriptional gene expression. Biol Chem 2000 381 357-365. 

Kwon H-S, Lee D-K, Edenberg HJ, Lee J-J, Ahn Y-H, Hur M-W. Post-transcriptional regulation of human ADH5/FDH and Myf6 gene expression by upstream AUG codons. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001 386 163-171. 

Engels, B. M., and Hutvagner, G. (2006). Principles and effects of microRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene regulation. Oncogene 25, 6163—6169. 

Although carbohydrates and their corresponding conjugated glycoforms have long been regarded as only space-filling matrices or post-transcriptional accessory... 

Chloroplast protein synthesis is controlled largely at the post-transcriptional level [20,21] and can be repressed by the inclusion of antibiotics such as streptomycin in the sprouting medium. Streptomycin binds to the 16S rRNA and causes the ribosome to misread the mRNA sequence, producing incorrect and non-functional proteins [22]. 

A number of stimuli are known to act as inducers of TNF production (Table 9.6). Bacterial LPS represents the most important inducer, and TNF mediates the pathophysiological effects of this molecule. TNF biosynthesis is regulated by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Macrophages appear to express TNF-a mRNA constitutively, which is translated only... 

Menon, K.M.J., Clouser, C.L., and Nair, A.K. 2005. Gonadotropin receptors role of post-translational modifications and post-transcriptional regulation. Endocrine 26(3), 249-257. 

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