Instruments and Apparatuses

ASME, Performance Test Code on Test Uncertainty Instruments and Apparatus PTC 19.1, 1988. 

The ASME, Performance Test Code on Test Uncertainty Instruments and Apparatus PTC 19.1 specifies procedures for evaluation of uncertainties in individual test measurements, arising form both random errors and... 

Flow Measurement, Chapter 4, Instruments and Apparatus, ASME PTC 19.5 4-1959, New York American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 19.59. 

Calibration of instruments and apparatus (if) Parallel control determination (// / ) Blank determination... 

There are two types of analytical information as regards its target and origin. External analytical information originates from a bidirectional relationship between the analytical chemist and a) society, (b) the body to which the laboratory is answerable, (c) other scientific and technical areas, id) literature sources (which the analytical chemist uses and expands), and (e) students. On a lower level, subordinate to external information, internal information originates from a uni- or bidirectional relationship between the analytical chemist and a) instruments (and apparatuses) and (b) computers, in addition to the information transferred between interfaced instruments and between computers and instruments. 

ASME, Flow Measurement by Means of Standardized Nozzles and Orifice Plates, of Information on Instruments and Apparatus, ASME Power Test Codes, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1940, p. 45. 

However, an encyclopaedia focusing on instruments, which includes material on chemical instruments and apparatus, was published in 1998. It incorporates 327 entries on a diverse range of historical items.4 Its strengths are its fairly comprehensive coverage and inclusion of more recent and complex instruments. Descriptions of the historical development of each item are necessarily short. Though it does not concentrate particularly on chemistry, there is some useful material to be found in a German volume of 37 essays, including a chapter on a subject rarely treated, industrial reaction vessels.5... 

The arrangement of the topics that follow continues that developed for Recent Developments in the History of Chemistry General Works, Instruments and Apparatus of Particular Chemists and Laboratories Instruments and Apparatus by Type and Function Museum and Laboratory Collections and Instrument Makers. 

Relatively little has been published that is concerned particularly with the instruments and apparatus of particular chemists (as opposed to more general treatments of their work). The most significant work of this type concerns Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, whose demonstration apparatus, much of which is illustrated in his Trait, survives in fine condition at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers in Paris. But what, exactly, is its status Trevore Levere and Jan Golinski confront this, and other issues, in separate papers.1819... 

Metallizers with external unwind and rewind facilities have also become known. Here the web is transported into and out of the vacuum chamber through locks. Because of demanding requirements of instruments and apparatus, these coaters have not gained acceptance for coating of polymer webs. They are successfully used in semi-continuous processes, for example glass coating. 

There are many sample preparation techniques which one can choose. Choice will be determined by the requirements of the study. Questions to be considered includes Is high sample throughput required Is high precision desired How much time is available for the study Does the sample survive 100°C What instrumentation and apparatus are available ... 

When it comes to laboratory work of a routine nature, there are, of course, other considerations to be applied. When no distinct entities, which could be considered as being equivalent to studies in a GLP sense, are involved, then it would certainly become administrative nonsense to recommend or even require study plans to be formulated. In such instances, however, other requirements of GLP could very profitably be applied. The existence of Standard Operating Procedures for all routine activities on the one hand, and of maintenance and calibration documentation for instruments and apparatus on the other should be useful in more than one respect. 

During the course of a study a number of apparatus and materials will be utilised for various purposes. Technical equipment, instruments and apparatus will be required either directly for the generation, storage and retrieval of study data, or indirectly for the control and maintenance of suitable environmental conditions. Materials of the most varied kind, like bedding for animals, animal feed, test system containers, bags and jars for the collection of samples and specimens, spare and service parts for equipment, or protective clothing will have to be utilised in the test facilities and test sites, and these materials... 

With the fast developments in the plastic industry, some of the lesser known plastics will either find future usage or already be used for devices, general medical instruments and apparatus or as implant aids. Certain plastics now involve alloys, i.e. mixtures of thermoplastics, and thermoplastic and thermoset resins. Improvements in what were the economic five plastics, i.e. polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polyvinylchlorides, polystyrenes and polyesters, are constantly occurring. Use of metallocene catalysts is likely to produce plastics of a controlled chain length. 

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