Institutional control

Low Level Waste. The NRC 10CFR61 specifies the nature of the protection required for waste containers (20). Class A wastes must meet minimum standards, including no use of cardboard, wastes must be solidified, have less than 1% Hquid, and not be combustible, corrosive, or explosive. Class B wastes must meet the minimum standards but also have stabiHty, ie, these must retain size and shape under soil weight, and not be influenced by moisture or radiation. Class C wastes must be isolated from a potential inadvertent intmder, ie, one who uses unrestricted land for a home or farm. Institutional control of a disposal faciHty for 100 years after closure is requited. 

The primary objective is to develop an appropriate range of waste management options to be analyzed more fully in the detailed analysis phase of the FS.12 Appropriate waste management ensures the protection of human health and the environment. It may involve, depending on site-specific circumstances, complete elimination or destruction of hazardous substances at the site, significant reduction of concentrations of hazardous substances to acceptable health-based levels, and prevention of exposure to hazardous substances via engineering or institutional controls, or some combination of the above. 

Institutional controls provide protection against risk from groundwater ingestion... 

Alternatives 4 and 5 would rely on a soil/clay cap to control infiltration for Area 1 (lead-contaminated) as well as treatment or fixation. Upon completion, some long-term maintenance of the cap and groundwater monitoring would be required until each alternative has met the health-based cleanup goals for groundwater. These alternatives would have almost no long-term reliance on institutional controls. 

Alternative 2 leaves all of the contaminated waste at the site and relies solely upon a cap and institutional controls to prevent exposure. Although the alternative water supply lowers the risk of ingesting contaminated groundwater from existing wells, the institutional controls would not be effective for more than 5 to 10 years in preventing the installation of new wells and the injection of contaminated groundwater. 

British Standards Institute, Control of undesirable static electricity, British Standard 5958, parts 1 and 2, London (UK) (1991)... 

Racial/ethnic group membership was expected to be an important factor in an individual s level of trust of these institutions. Controlling for gender, age, education, and income, African Americans were about 40% less likely than whites to trust universities Asians and Hispanics were nearly twice as likely as whites to trust the federal government. However, race/ethnicity was not a factor in trust in the pharmaceutical industry nor in trust in health organizations. 

Defensive Measures Immunizations, good personal hygiene, physical conditioning, use of arthropod repellents, wearing protective mask, and practicing good sanitation. Utilize an insecticide as necessary to kill fleas on victims and their contacts if local flea and rodent population becomes infected, institute control measures. 

The similarities are of the following kinds. First, neither classification system includes a general class of exempt waste. Second, neither classification system is comprehensive, because the classification system for radioactive waste distinguishes between fuel-cycle and NARM waste and the classification system for hazardous chemical waste excludes many potentially important wastes that contain hazardous chemicals. Third, any waste must be managed and disposed of in a manner that is expected to protect public health and the environment. In addition, the approach to disposal of hazardous chemical waste under RCRA, which emphasizes monitoring of releases from disposal facilities and an intention to maintain institutional control over disposal sites for as long as the waste remains hazardous, is applied to disposal of uranium or thorium mill tailings under AEA. 

The numerator in Equation 1.1 or 1.2 is calculated using generic scenarios for exposure of individual members of the public that arise from waste disposal. Two types of exposure scenarios can be considered (1) scenarios involving release of hazardous substances from a disposal facility and exposure of individuals at locations beyond the boundary of the disposal site or (2) scenarios involving exposure of individuals who inadvertently intrude onto a disposal site, including scenarios involving permanent residence on a disposal site or other unrestricted access after an assumed loss of institutional control. 

The assumed disposal systems for exempt waste and low-hazard waste both involve near-surface disposal, and either type of waste often would be emplaced sufficiently close to the surface that inadvertent intrusion into the waste could occur as a result of normal human activities. However, there are differences in the two types of disposal systems that should be taken into account in developing appropriate scenarios for inadvertent intrusion. Disposal facilities for low-hazard waste frequently include engineered barriers to deter inadvertent intrusion, impenetrable waste forms, or deliberate emplacement of more hazardous wastes at locations where access to the waste during normal human activities would be less likely. Most importantly, as noted previously, current plans call for institutional control to be maintained over hazardous waste disposal sites for a considerable period of time after facility closure, which allows for substantial... 

Inadvertent human intrusion into hazardous waste. Inadvertent human intrusion is relevant to disposal of virtually all hazardous substances, especially in near-surface facilities. Typical scenarios assume that an unknowing individual (1) digs or drills into the waste and brings some of it to the surface where it is then available for dispersal and uptake, or (2) lives on the disposal site after waste has been exhumed or the cover removed, and consumes contaminated plant and animal products. Scenarios for inadvertent intrusion usually are assumed to occur after some period of active institutional control over the disposal site, which is typically 100 to 300 y. Intrusion scenarios are not very sensitive to site-specific parameters because the nature of intrusion (by digging or drilling) effectively bypasses the site-specific protection features, such as small amounts of groundwater,... 

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