Insect tolerance

Resistance to several lepidopteran insects, tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate... 

Fig. 6. Induction of insect control in transgenic tobacco. The PR-L promoter was fused to the Btk gene and the construct was used to transform tobacco. Both plants are from seeds of a transformed line Bt-13. One plant was sprayed with water and the other with an inducing agent. The plants were challenged after 7 days with Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm). Control, untransformed plants treated with the inducer do not show insect tolerance. 

In Australia the failure of malathion to maintain the nil insect tolerance required in Australian export grain led to revised strategies. 

Rogers, S. and Fraley, R. (1987). Insect tolerant transgenic tomato plants. Bio/Techrtology 5, 807-813. 

Interactions between insect tolerant genetically modified plants and natural enemies. In Gene Flow and Agriculture Relevance for Transgenic Crops. British Crop Protection Council Symposium Proceedings No. 72 (Lutman, P.J.W., Ed.). British Crop Protection Council, Staffordshire, UK, pp. 197-202. 

It is critical that these recombinant NPVs not be over exploited in order to curtail the development of resistance. In fact, several cases of insect tolerance to baculoviruses have been reported (60). Recently, Fuxa and Richter (61) noted... 

EFSA. 2005b. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on a request from the Commission related to the notification (Reference C/ES/01/01) for the placing on the market of insect-tolerant genetically modified maize 1507, for import, feed and industrial processing and cultivation, under Part C of... 

This interaction between airborne acid components and the tree-soil system may alter the ability of the trees to tolerate other environmental stressors such as drought, insects, and other air pollutants like ozone. In Germany, considerable attention is focused the role of ozone and acid deposition as a cause of forest damage. Forest damage is a complex problem involving the interaction of acid deposition, other air pollutants, forestry practices, and naturally occurring soil conditions. 

Cosmetic Standards. Over the last two decades, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has been lowering the tolerance levels for Insects and insect parts allowed in and on fresh and processed foods (14). Concurrently consumers have sought "more perfect," pest-free produce. To achieve this, farmers have Increased the quantities of pesticide they applied to crops. Although the presence of small amounts of insect parts in such products as catsup and apple sauce, or blemishes on oranges pose no health risk, these stringent standards have stood for many years. 

Scott, J.G., Liu, N.A., and Wen, Z. (1998). Insect cytochromes P450 diversity, insect resistance and tolerance to plant toxins. In D.R. Livingstone and J.J. Stegeman (Eds.) Forms and Function of Cytochrome P450, 147-156. 

Diet should be modified only in cases where foods have been proven to elicit symptoms. Patients with mastocytosis and Hymenoptera venom exposure are at risk for severe anaphylaxis. Thus, specific immunotherapy should be considered in patients with Hymenoptera venom allergy and then administered under close supervision [31]. The majority of patients with mastocytosis reportedly tolerate immunotherapy without significant side effects and appear protected following this approach [33,40]. However, there does appear to be some increased risk for adverse reactions during initiation of immunotherapy, as well as for therapy failures [31, 33]. An increased maintenance dose of insect venom has been reported to carry better success rates by sting provocation [41]. Also, in the light of 2 fatal cases of anaphylaxis after discontinuation of SIT in patients with mastocytosis [30], lifelong immunotherapy should be considered [26]. 

In rare cases, initiation of specific immunotherapy with insect venom leads to recurrent anaphylaxis, even with antihistamine premedication. In those cases, comedication with omalizumab (anti-IgE) has been reported to induce tolerance. In a case of recurrent anaphylaxis to induction of specific immunotherapy, the injection of 300 mg of omalizumab between 4 days and 1 h reportedly led to tolerance [42]. This approach also appears worthy of consideration in patients with both idiopathic recurrent anaphylaxis and mastocytosis who do not respond to standard antimediator therapy, as has been described in 2 atopic patients with ISM [43]. Most patients with mastocytosis and idiopathic anaphylaxis, however, are sufficiently controlled by standard antimediator therapy with antihistamines with or without low-dose corticosteroids. 

Tolerance to the herbicide bromoxynil, resistance to certain lepidopteran insects... 

Tolerance in insects to increasing amounts of DDT, BHC, and several of the inorganic agents, such as arsenic, is known to occur. However, in animals, this phenomenon has not been demonstrated to the same degree. Ability of the cells of insects to function in the environment of a toxic agent, without alteration of cellular function, is one of the most striking of biologic phenomena. 

Birds seem comparatively resistant to diflubenzuron acute oral LD50 doses exceed 2000 mg/kg body weight (BW) dietary concentrations <4640 mg/kg FW are tolerated for at least 8 days and forest birds seem unharmed by recommended diflubenzuron application procedures to control pestiferous insects, except for a possible loss in fat reserves. Intraspecies differences in ability to metabolize diflubenzuron are probably large different strains of domestic chickens show significant differences in ability to accumulate and retain this compound. 

Fenvalerate is extremely toxic to representative nontarget aquatic organisms and to some beneficial terrestrial arthropods at concentrations substantially lower than those recommended to control pestiferous insects. Toxic effects are associated primarily with the 2.S, a.S -isomcr and are exacerbated at low temperatures. Birds, mammals, and terrestrial plants are normally tolerant. 

Fenvalerate-tolerant strains of arthropods include insect vectors of disease, flies and cockroaches, arthropods of veterinary importance, and agricultural pests (Sawicki 1985). But serious... 

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