Lepidopteran insects

Tolerance to the herbicide bromoxynil, resistance to certain lepidopteran insects... 

Resistance to several lepidopteran insects, tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate... 

Different from the use of ordinal insecticides, this disruption method has high target selectivity and, as would be desired, ensures the survival of natural enemies. The sex pheromone, which shows no toxicity to mammals, is an ideal insect-behavior regulator (IBR). Table 8 shows the application areas of main mating disruptants for lepidopteran insects. In addition to the use of the synthetic pheromone of P. gossypiella in large cotton fields, many disruptants are... 

Anderbrant O (1999) Sawflies and seed wasps. In Hardie J, Minks AK (eds) Pheromones of non-lepidopteran insects associated with agricultural plants. CABI Publishing, New York, p 199... 

Karunakar G, Easwaramoorthy S, David H. Susceptibility of nine lepidopteran insects to Steinemema glaseri, S. feltiae and Heterorhabditis indica infection. Int J Nematol. 1999 9 68-71. 

Many aposematic lepidopteran insects are associated with poisonous plants and sequester the toxins from their host instead of, or in some cases in addition to, biosynthesizing their own defensive compounds. 

Matsumoto S., Yamashita O., Fonagy A., Kurihara M., Uchiumi K., Nagamine T. and Mitsui T. (1992b) Functional diversity of a pheromonotropic neuropeptide induction of cuticular melanization and embryonic diapause in Lepidopteran insects by Pseudaletia pheromonotropin. J. Insect Physiol. 38, 847-851. 

Bartelt R. J. (1999a) Sap beetles. In Pheromones ofNon-Lepidopteran Insects Associated with Agricultural Plants, eds J. Hardie and A. K. Minks, pp. 69-89. CABI Publishing, New York. 

Dettloff M., Wittwer D., Weise C. and Wiesner A. (2001) Lipophorin of lower density is formed during immune responses in the lepidopteran insect Galleria mellonella. Cell Tissue Res. 306, 449 158. 

Except where indicated, taken from pheromone compendia (a) M. S. Mayer and J. R. McLaughlin. Handbook of Insect Pheromones and Sex Attractants. 1991 CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, (b) (Mori, 1998) (c) J. Hardie and A. K. Minks (eds.). Pheromones of Non-Lepidopteran Insects Associated with Agricultural Plants. 1999 CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. The major component is listed first. % = Other less abundant pheromone component(s) (u) = further pheromone component(s) remain unidentified. For newly identified honeybee pheromone components, see Keeling et at. (2003), for new ant pheromone components see Baird (2001). 

Davidson DJ, Fraser MJ, Castellino FJ (1990) Oligosaccharide processing in the expression of human plasminogen cDNA by lepidopteran insect (Spodoptera frugiperda) cells. Biochemistry. 29(23) 5584-90. 

Farrell PJ, Lu M, Prevost J, Brown C, Behie L, Iatrou K (1998), High-level expression of secreted glycoproteins in transformed lepidopteran insect cells using a novel expression vector, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 60 656-663. 

Lopez M, Tetaert D, Juliant S, Gazon M, Cerutte M, Verbert A, Delannoy P (1999), O-glycosylation potential of lepidopteran insect cell lines, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1427 49-61. 

Recently, comprehensive World Wide Web (Internet) databases have been established on insect pheromones and semiochemicals The Pherolist , a database of chemicals identified from sex pheromone glands of female lepidopteran insects and other chemicals attractive to male moths (Am et al., 1999) and The Pherobase , a database of pheromones and semiochemicals for Lepidoptera and other insect orders (El-Sayed, 2006). These large databases on behavior modifying chemicals have extensive cross-linkages for animal taxa, indexes of compounds and source (reference) indexes. The indexes include those compounds cited in this chapter and many more with pheromone and semiochemical function acetate esters, diols, epoxides, ethers, ketones and secondary alcohols. For example, The Pherolist reports approximately 90 epoxy derivatives of C17-C23 of n-alkancs, mono-alkenes and di-alkenes as insect semiochemicals. 

The evagination of imaginal discs of Dipteran and Lepidopteran insects is a well-characterised ecdysteroid-dependent system, which has been used by several authors to develop bioassays [183-187], However, they have been used to only a limited extent to compare the biological activities of ecdysteroids (Table 3 ). 

E. Dunkelblum, Scale Insects. In Pheromones of Non-Lepidopteran Insects Associated with Agricultural Plants] J. Hardie,... 

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