Toxins plant

The synthesis of the fungal wheat plant toxin helminthosporal is referred to in Sections 3.1 and 5.2 of Part One. 

Harbome, J.R., Baxter, H., and Moss, G.R (1996). Dictionary of Plant Toxins, 2nd edition—A dictionary that gives details of many toxins produced by plants. 

CYP6D1 of the housefly (Musca domestica) has been found to hydroxylate cyper-methrin and thereby provide a resistance mechanism to this compound and other pyrethroids in this species (Scott et al. 1998 see also Chapter 12). Also, this insect P450 can metabolize plant toxins such as the linear furanocoumarins xanthotoxin and bergapten (Ma et al. 1994). This metabolic capability has been found in the lepi-dopteran Papilio polyxenes (black swallowtail), a species that feeds almost exclusively on plants containing furanocoumarins. 

Scott, J.G., Liu, N.A., and Wen, Z. (1998). Insect cytochromes P450 diversity, insect resistance and tolerance to plant toxins. In D.R. Livingstone and J.J. Stegeman (Eds.) Forms and Function of Cytochrome P450, 147-156. 

The receptor-mediated form of endocytic uptake has been identified for a wide variety of physiological ligands, such as metabolites, hormones, immunoglobulins, and pathogens (e.g., virus and bacterial and plant toxins). Several endosomotropic receptors identified in cells are listed in Table 2. 

Grant WM. 1986. Toxicology of the eye. In Encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, plants, toxins, and venoms. Springfield, IL Charles C. Thomas, 495-497. 

Murphy, S.D. (1992). The determination of the allelopathic potential of pollen and nectar. In Modern Methods of Plant Analysis. Volume 13. Plant Toxin Analysis, H.F. Linskens and J.F. Jackson (eds), pp. 333-357. Springer-Verlag, New York,USA... 

Olsnes, S., and Pihl, A. (1976) Abrin, ricin, and their associated agglutinins. In The Specificity of Animal, Bacterial and Plant Toxins. Receptors and Recognition (P. Cuatrecasas, ed.), Series B, Vol. 1, pp. 129-173. Chapman Hall, London. 

In order for allelochemicals to enter the body of a herbivore, absorption must occur across the gut lining. Curtailing the initial absorption of dietary allelochemicals may be a herbivore s first line of defense against plant toxins. Studies have citied the lack of absorption or metabolism of lipophilic plant secondary metabolites (i.e., terpenes), conducive to phase I or II detoxification, in the gut of terrestrial herbivores rather these compounds are excreted unchanged in the feces (Marsh et al. 2006b). While physical barriers or surfactants have been used to explain this limited adsorption in both marine and terrestrial herbivores (Lehane 1997 Barbehenn and Martin 1998 Barbehenn 2001 for review of marine herbivores, see Targett and Arnold 2001), active efflux of plant allelochemicals out of enterocytes into the gut lumen has received limited attention until now. 

Many volumes have been written on the natural toxins of plants. While the negative elfects of plant toxins on people and the impact of plant toxins on livestock producers have been the most publicized, the diversity of these toxins and their potential as new pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of diseases in people and animals has received widespread interest in modern society. Scientists are actively screening plants from all regions of the world for bioactivity and potential pharmaceuticals for the treatment or prevention of many diseases. 

Locoweed poisoning mimics exactly the genetic mannosidosis. Thus, the availability of specific inhibitors (plant toxins) of these enzymes provides a mechanism for induction of phenocopies of these genetic diseases in animal... 

Wiley, R.G. (2000). Molecular neurosurgery using plant toxins to make highly selective neural lesions, in Tu, A.T. and Gaffield, W., Eds., Natural and selected synthetic toxins Biological implications, American Chemical Society, Washington, pp. 194-203. 

C. botulinum toxins belong to the AB group of toxins, which also includes diphtheria toxin, pseudomonas exotoxin A, anthrax toxin, Shiga(like) toxin, cholera toxin, pertussis toxin, and plant toxins, e.g., ricin. Moiety A has an enzymatic activity and usually modified cellular-target entering cytosol. Moiety B consists of one or more components and binds the toxin to surface receptors, and is responsible for translocation of the A component into cells. AB toxins are produced in a non-active form and are activated by a split between two cysteine residues within a region (Falnes and Sandvig, 2000). 

Infants and preschoolers are the most frequent victims of plant toxins. Their natural curiosity leads them to put all sorts of non-food items into their mouths, and berries, flowers, and leaves from house and yard plants are often attractive alternatives to spinach. The number of deaths from consumption of poisonous plants is not great, but the number of near-deaths is about 10% of inquiries to poison control centers concern ingestion of house, yard, and wild plants, including mushrooms. Among the house plants dumbcane (species of dieffenbachia) and philodendrons are prominent, and a fair number... 

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