INS intensity

Seideman T 1995 Rotational excitation and molecular alignment in intense laser fields J. Chem. Phys. 103 7887-96... 

Friedrich B and Herschbach D 1995 Alignment and trapping of molecules in intense laser fields Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 4623-6... 

First order stimulated Stokes scattering experiences an exponential gain in intensity as the fields propagate tlirough the scattering medium. This is given by the expression [75]... 

A RIKES experunent is essentially identical to that of CW CARS, except the probe laser need not be tunable. The probe beam is linearly polarized at 0° (—>), while the polarization of the tunable pump beam is controlled by a linear polarizer and a quarter waveplate. The pump and probe beams, whose frequency difference must match the Raman frequency, are overlapped in the sample (just as in CARS). The strong pump beam propagating tlirough a nonlinear medium induces an anisotropic change in the refractive mdices seen by tlie weaker probe wave, which alters the polarization of a probe beam [96]. The signal field is polarized orthogonally to the probe laser and any altered polarization may be detected as an increase in intensity transmitted tlirough a crossed polarizer. When the pump beam is Imearly polarized at 45° y), contributions... 

The remarkable stability and eontrollability of NMR speetrometers penults not only the preeise aeeiimulation of FIDs over several hours, but also the aequisition of long series of speetra differing only in some stepped variable sueh as an interpulse delay. A peak at any one ehemieal shift will typieally vary in intensity as this series is traversed. All the sinusoidal eomponents of this variation with time ean then be extraeted, by Fourier transfomiation of the variations. For example, suppose that the nomial ID NMR aequisition sequenee (relaxation delay, 90° pulse, eolleet FID) is replaeed by the 2D sequenee (relaxation delay, 90° pulse, delay i -90° pulse, eolleet FID) and that x is inereased linearly from a low value to ereate the seeond dimension. The polarization transfer proeess outlined in die previous seetion will then eause the peaks of one multiplet to be modulated in intensity, at the frequeneies of any other multiplet with whieh it shares a eoupling. 

Light can also be absorbed by a material through which it passes. This leads to an attenuation in intensity of the light as it passes tlnough the material, which decays exponentially as a ftmction of distance tlnough the material and is described mathematically by the Beer-Lambert law [M] ... 

This relation is a direct consequence of the conservation of flux. The target casts a shadow in the forward direction where the intensity of the incident beam becomes reduced by just that amount which appears in the scattered wave. This decrease in intensity or shadow results from interference between the incident wave and the scattered wave in the forward direction. Figure B2.2.2 for the density P (r) of section B2.2.6 illustrates... 

Friedrich B and Herschbach D 1996 Alignment enhanced spectra of molecules in intense non-resonant laser fields Chem. Phys. Lett. 262 41... 

Mass Absorption Coefficients. Radiation traversing a layer of substance is diminished in intensity by a constant fraction per centimeter thickness x of material. The emergent radiant power P, in terms of incident radiant power Pq, is given by... 

Acids generally absorb more strongly than esters, and esters more strongly than ketones or aldehydes. Amide absorption is usually similar in intensity to that of ketones but is subject to much greater variations. 

In absorption spectroscopy a beam of electromagnetic radiation passes through a sample. Much of the radiation is transmitted without a loss in intensity. At selected frequencies, however, the radiation s intensity is attenuated. This process of attenuation is called absorption. Two general requirements must be met if an analyte is to absorb electromagnetic radiation. The first requirement is that there must be a mechanism by which the radiation s electric field or magnetic field interacts with the analyte. For ultraviolet and visible radiation, this interaction involves the electronic energy of valence electrons. A chemical bond s vibrational energy is altered by the absorbance of infrared radiation. A more detailed treatment of this interaction, and its importance in deter-... 

The g and m subscripts in Figure 7.28 are appropriate only to a homonuclear diatomic molecule. This is the case also for the x and a labels which may result in intensity alternations for J even or odd in the initial state of the transition. Figure 7.28 would apply equally to a A type of transition. 

The reason why the spacings are equal, and not the 1-0, 2-1, 3-2,... anharmonic intervals, is explained in Figure 9.21. The laser radiation of wavenumber Vg takes benzene molecules into the virtual state Fj from which they may drop down to the v = level. The resulting Stokes scattering is, as mentioned above, extremely intense in the forward direction with about 50 per cent of the incident radiation scattered at a wavenumber of Vg — Vj. This radiation is sufficiently intense to take other molecules into the virtual state V2, resulting in intense scattering at Vg — 2vj, and so on. 

Fertilization of ponds to increase productivity is the next level of intensity with respect to fish culture, followed by provision of supplemental feeds. Supplemental feeds are those that provide some additional nutrition but caimot be depended upon to supply all the required nutrients. Provision of complete feeds, those that do provide all of the nutrients required by the fish, translates to another increase in intensity. Associated with one or more of the stages described might be the appHcation of techniques that lead to the maintenance of good water quaUty. Examples are continuous water exchange, mechanical aeration, and the use of various chemicals used to adjust such factors as pH, alkalinity, and hardness. 

Multiphoton processes are also undoubtedly involved in the photodegradation of polymers in intense laser fields, eg, using excimer lasers (13). Moreover, multiphoton excitation during pumping can become a significant loss factor in operation of dye lasers (26,27). The photochemically reactive species may or may not be capable of absorption of the individual photons which cooperate to produce multiphoton excitation, but must be capable of utilising a quantum of energy equal to that of the combined photons. Multiphoton excitation thus may be viewed as an exception to the Bunsen-Roscoe law. 

Solvent Influence. Solvent nature has been found to influence absorption spectra, but fluorescence is substantiaHy less sensitive (9,58). Sensitivity to solvent media is one of the main characteristics of unsymmetrical dyes, especiaHy the merocyanines (59). Some dyes manifest positive solvatochromic effects (60) the band maximum is bathochromicaHy shifted as solvent polarity increases. Other dyes, eg, highly unsymmetrical ones, exhibit negative solvatochromicity, and the absorption band is blue-shifted on passing from nonpolar to highly polar solvent (59). In addition, solvents can lead to changes in intensity and shape of spectral bands (58). 

The cardiovascular health care marketplace is highly competitive. This works to the advantage of medical device companies. Hospitals are engaged in intense competition for those who might be candidates for cardiovascular therapies. Therefore, hospitals are anxious to offer the best treatment possible, having the newest devices. Medical specialties are also competing for their share of the same patient population. 

Insomnia is a related psychiatric illness having potentially serious consequences. In any given year up to one-third of the general population may experience insomnia and consequently considerable impact on quaUty of life. Potentially serious psychosocial, health, and socioeconomic consequences may foUow. Many sedative—hypnotics additionally have a firmly estabUshed position within the field of anesthesiology as premedication, inducing agents, and/or for maintenance in intensive care medicine. 

Conservation of Energy. Because the naturally occurring radioactive materials continued to emit particles, and thus the associated energy, without any decrease in intensity, the question of the source of this energy arose. Whereas the conservation of energy was a firmly estabUshed law of physics, the origin of the energy in the radioactivity was unknown. 

The physical properties of the fatty acid ethoxylates depend on the nature of the fatty acid and even more on ethylene oxide content. As the latter increases, consistencies of the products change from free-flowing Hquids to slurries to firm waxes (qv). At the same time, odor, which is characteristic of the fatty acid, decreases in intensity. Odor and color stabiUty are important commercial properties, particularly in textile appHcations. Oleic acid esters, though possessing good functional properties, cannot be used because they tend to yellow on exposure to heat and air. 

NLO effects result when the polarization response of the valence electrons becomes significantly anharmonic, usually in intense light beams where the magnitude of E is very large. The magnitudes of the coefficients of the terms in equation 2 diminish rapidly at higher orders, and thus readily observable NLO effects are either second-order third-order (X ) processes. Most NLO appHcations rely on second-order processes. However,... 

In general, the observed mass-transfer rates are greater than those predicted by theory and may be related to the development of surface ripphng, a phenomenon which increases in intensity with increasing liquid path. 

The fungicides are among the chemicals of wide use as plant diseases control agents in intensive agriculture. At the same time these pesticides could have toxic effects, when accumulated in man and animals. Because of general society concern about fungicides use, they should be monitored in waters, soils and crops. 

When a ledge is formed on an atomically smooth monolayer during tire formation of a thin film the intensity of the diffraction pattern is reduced due to the reduction in the beatrr intensity by inelastic scattering of electrons at the ledge-monolayer junction. The diffraction intensity catr thus be used during deposition of several monolayers to indicate the completion of a monolayer through the relative increase in intensity at tlris time. Observation of this effect of intensity oscillation is used in practice to count the number of monolayers which are laid down during a deposition process. 

In intensive measurement, the following quantities are measured at short intervals on the pipeline ... 

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