Spatial control

As described above, the arrangement of the various functional moieties was controlled spatially across the films at molecular dimensions in the form of LB films. In a series of folded type of sensitizer (S) and electron-donor (D) dyads in a previous work, however, the dyad molecules in the LB films can take many conformations due to flexibility of the longer alkyl chain of the dyads so that clear dependence of the photoinduced electron transfer rate on the alkyl chain length, i.e. S-D distance, was not observed [2], By this reason, we are studying the chain length dependence by using a series of linear type S-D dyads, in which the S and D moieties were linked by a single alkyl chain. In the closely packed LB films, the alkyl chain was considered to be extended and the distance between S and D to be... 

In LB films [1], the arrangement of the various functional moieties is considered to be controlled spatially across the films at molecular dimensions as described above. As one of functional moieties, various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were used [55,56]. Some of the compounds were mixed with arachidic acid to form stable monolayers [37], because the amphiphilc derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons themselves often form unstable monolayers on the subphase [40], For preparation of stable monolayers of polycyclic aromatic amphiphiles, Steven et al. investigated the effects of the length of alkyl chain and the composition and pH of the subphase [57],... 

Finally, magnetic nanowires and other submicrometer-scale anisometric particles can also be manipulated and organized via controlled spatial variations in the alignment of nematic liquid crystals. Leheny and co-workers, for example, measured the elastic forces imposed on anisotropic Ni nanowires suspended in a nematic liquid crystal (here 5CB, Fig. 13a), and showed that by applying a magnetic field the nanowire reorients and distorts the director in the adjacent area [445, 446]. 

Polymers e-g may also be called collectively as polymers with controlled spatial shapes amphiphilic polymers (h) may include block, star-shaped, and graft polymers covered in classes b, e, and f. Comparison of Figs. 1 and 2 also tells us that, unlike the anionic and coordination (Zieglar-Natta) counterparts, cationic polymerization still fails to provide general methods to control the steric structures of polymers, although the first indication... 

Mixtures of polymer latexes and inorganic colloids can be assembled into supracol-loidal clusters with controlled spatial organization of the particles via geometric or interfacial-energy-driven confinement. 

Generation of Dynamic Linear Gradients To generate dynamically controlled spatial and temporal linear gradients with varying slope, baseUne, and direction, the outlet of the mixer module described in the previous section was... 

As mentioned before, HRN is DNA-based, hehcal nanofibers in the form of hydrogel that possesses attractive features for orthopedic tissue engineering. These features include (I) HRN has rich amino acid side chains with well-controlled spatial nanoscale distributions that impart more functionahty and versatility to meet a wide range of orthopedic needs (2) HRN hydrogel is able to solidify when heated or added directly into a serum-free medium, which allows them to serve as injectable tissue engineering materials and (3) HRN has demonstrated potential to enhance osteoblast adhesion and serve as an excellent calcification template [13,14], Based on these unique properties, HRN has been stndied or incorporated with other materials or molecules to create a better implantable material for enhancing bone regeneration. 

Nagorcka, B.N. (1988). A pattern formation mechanism to control spatial organization in the embryo of Drosophila melanogaster, Journal of Theoretical Biology, Vol. 132, pp. 277-306. 

FIGURE 8.9. Electrically controlled spatial light modulator (SLM) based on ferroelectric liquid crystals [46]. 

Photopolymerization has three distinctive advantages over conventional polymerization. First, it allows for fast cnring rates (within few minntes) that match clinical time scale reqnirements. Second, photopolymerization is a highly energy-efficient reaction that takes place at body temperature, with minimal heat production. And third, polymerization rate can be controlled spatially and temporally, as... 

However, the conventional methods of biomolecule immobilization (covalent binding, physical adsorption, cross-linkings, and entrapment in gels or membranes) present some disadvantages, such as low reproducibility and stability of bioselective elements or poorly controlled spatial deposition. In this sense, evaluating the surface modifications of the biomolecule plays an important role in biosensor development. Nonetheless, improvements are required in many areas, for example, prevention of nonspecific binding, sensitivity, or bioactivity. Some of these problems can be addressed by using different chemical surface modification approaches. 

A crucial requirement of an immunosensor is to immobilize the biomolecules onto the sensor surface in a reproducible way while keeping their biological activity and controlling spatial distribution. Although antibodies have been increasingly used as recognition elements in biosensors, a key challenge remains the perfect immobilization on the adequate... 

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